The counting-song, “Eḥad Mi Yode’ah” appears for the first time in the Prague Haggadah (1526) in Hebrew and Yiddish, and was transcribed and translated into English by Aharon Varady. We are grateful to Isaac Gantwerk Mayer for proofreading and correcting the Yiddish transcription.

Source(s)

This is the counting song, Eḥad Mi Yodea, in its Latin translation by Johann Stephan Rittangel as found in his translation of the Pesaḥ seder haggadah, Liber Rituum Paschalium (1644). “Eḥad Mi Yode’ah” appears for the first time in the Prague Haggadah (1526) in Hebrew and Yiddish.

Transcription of the Latin by Isaac Gantwerk Mayer, and of the Hebrew (with English translation) by Aharon Varady.

Source(s)

Note: For clarity, we have replace the use of the Solidus (a/k/a “forward slash”) as found in the Fraktur script of the printed work, with its equivalent — the comma.

This is a German translation of the Pesah table-song Ḥad Gadya by Paul Christian Kirchner from his Jüdisches Ceremoniel (1717),

The earliest known appearance of “Ḥad Gadya,” by an unknown author, can be found, handwritten, in the Prague Haggadah (1526). The uncorrected source Aramaic has been vocalized according to the Prague Haggadah (1590). –Aharon N. Varady

Source(s)

Jüdisches Ceremoniel (Paul Christian Kirchner, 1717), p. 128

Jüdisches Ceremoniel (Paul Christian Kirchner, 1717), p. 129

A recording of a slightly variant text can be found in the recordings section, below.

Some notes for pronunciation. Shimon Ḥakham uses ג to represent four sounds:
• a dagesh גּ for g г /g/
• a rafe ג for gh ғ /ɣ/ (like a French R)
• an upper-dot גׄ for j ҷ /dʒ/
• and a geresh ג׳ for ch ч /tʃ/.

He also uses vowels in a unique method:
• a holam וֹ for ö ӯ /ɵ/ (approximately the vowel in “foot”)
• and a qamas אָ for o о /ɔː/ (the New York pronunciation of “thought”)

Other than those, the Roman system should be pretty easily readable. Some important other notes, though. In this transcription,
• kh = /χ/ (the back sound of Hebrew אך or German “Bach”)
• q = /q/ (as in the Arabic ق)

For a full breakdown of the Tajik Cyrillic system, check the Wikipedia page on the subject.

The counting-song, “Eḥad Mi Yode’ah” appears for the first time in the Prague Haggadah (1526) in Hebrew and Yiddish, and was transcribed and translated into English by Aharon Varady.

Notes

^a Many Bukhori speakers today, including in the linked recording, sing this word as седфрей sefrey סִפְרֵי, a closer reflection of the standard Hebrew form but not the form recorded by Shimon Ḥakham.

^b Many Bukhori speakers, including in the linked recording, pronounce the marked words as шиштумин shishtumin שִׁישְׁתוּמִין and шиш shish שִׁישׁ, but Shimon Ḥakham’s transliteration does not, so I have refrained.

^c Most Bukhori speakers, including in the linked recording, pronounce the marked words as сенздаҳум senzdahum סֶינְזְדַהוּם and сенздаҳ senzdah סֶינְזְדַה with an additional epenthetic n, but Shimon Ḥakham’s transliteration does not, so I have refrained.

Recordings

Source

A recording of one melody can be found on soundcloud.

Source (Hebrew)	Translation (Aramaic)	Translation (English)
אֶחָד מִי יוֹדֵעַ אֶחָד אֲנִי יוֹדֵעַ. אֶחָד אֱלֹהֵינוּ שֶׁבַּשָּׁמַיִם וּבָאָרֶץ׃	חַד מָה יוּדָא חַד אָנוּ יוּדָא חַד אֱלָהָא מָרָן דִּי בִשְׁמַיָּא וְאַרְעָא	Who knows one? I know one! One is our elo’ah in the Heavens and the Earth.
שְׁנַיִם מִי יוֹדֵעַ. שְׁנַיִם אֲנִי יוֹדֵעַ. שְׁנֵי לֻחוֹת הַבְּרִית. אֶחָד אֱלֹהֵינוּ שֶׁבַּשָּׁמַיִם וּבָאָרֶץ׃	תְּרֵי מָה יוּדָא תְּרֵי אָנוּ יוּדָא תְּרֵי לוּחֲתָא חַד אֱלָהָא מָרָן דִּי בִשְׁמַיָּא וְאַרְעָא	Who knows two? I know two! Two are the stelae of the covenant, and One is our elo’ah in the Heavens and the Earth.
שְׁלֹשָׁה מִי יוֹדֵעַ. שְׁלֹשָׁה אֲנִי יוֹדֵעַ. שְׁלֹשָׁה אָבוֹת. שְׁנֵי לֻחוֹת הַבְּרִית. אֶחָד אֱלֹהֵינוּ שֶׁבַּשָּׁמַיִם וּבָאָרֶץ׃	תְּלַת מָה יוּדָא תְּלַת אָנוּ יוּדָא תְּלַת אַבְהָתָא תְּרֵי לוּחֲתָא חַד אֱלָהָא מָרָן דִּי בִשְׁמַיָּא וְאַרְעָא	Who knows three? I know three! Three are the forefathers, Two are the stelae of the covenant, and One is our elo’ah in the Heavens and the Earth.
אַרְבַּע מִי יוֹדֵעַ. אַרְבַּע אֲנִי יוֹדֵעַ. אַרְבַּע אִמָּהוֹת. שְׁלֹשָׁה אָבוֹת. שְׁנֵי לֻחוֹת הַבְּרִית. אֶחָד אֱלֹהֵינוּ שֶׁבַּשָּׁמַיִם וּבָאָרֶץ׃	אַרְבַּע מָה יוּדָא אַרְבַּע אָנוּ יוּדָא אַרְבַּע אִימְהָתָא תְּלַת אַבְהָתָא תְּרֵי לוּחֲתָא חַד אֱלָהָא מָרָן דִּי בִשְׁמַיָּא וְאַרְעָא	Who knows four? I know four! Four are the foremothers, Three are the forefathers, Two are the stelae of the covenant, and One is our elo’ah in the Heavens and the Earth.
חֲמִשָּׁה מִי יוֹדֵעַ. חֲמִשָּׁה אֲנִי יוֹדֵעַ. חֲמִשָּׁה חֻמְשֵׁי תוֹרָה. אַרְבַּע אִמָּהוֹת. שְׁלֹשָׁה אָבוֹת. שְׁנֵי לֻחוֹת הַבְּרִית. אֶחָד אֱלֹהֵינוּ שֶׁבַּשָּׁמַיִם וּבָאָרֶץ׃	חַמְשָׁא מָה יוּדָא חַמְשָׁא אָנוּ יוּדָא חַמְשָׁא חֻמְשָׁתָא אַרְבַּע אִימְהָתָא תְּלַת אַבְהָתָא תְּרֵ לוּחֲתָא חַד אֱלָהָא מָרָן דִּי בִשְׁמַיָּא וְאַרְעָא	Who knows five? I know five! Five are the books of the Torah, Four are the foremothers, Three are the forefathers, Two are the stelae of the covenant, and One is our elo’ah in the Heavens and the Earth.
שִׁשָּׁה מִי יוֹדֵעַ. שִׁשָּׁה אֲנִי יוֹדֵעַ. שִׁשָּׁה סִדְרֵי מִשְׁנָה. חֲמִשָּׁה חֻמְשֵׁי תוֹרָה. אַרְבַּע אִמָּהוֹת. שְׁלֹשָׁה אָבוֹת. שְׁנֵי לֻחוֹת הַבְּרִית. אֶחָד אֱלֹהֵינוּ שֶׁבַּשָּׁמַיִם וּבָאָרֶץ׃	שִׁיתָּא מָה יוּדָא שִׁיתָּא אָנוּ יוּדָא שִׁיתָּא מִישְׁנָתָא חַמְשָׁא חֻמְשָׁתָא אַרְבַּע אִימְהָתָא תְּלַת אַבְהָתָא תְּרֵי לוּחֲתָא חַד אֱלָהָא מָרָן דִּי בִשְׁמַיָּא וְאַרְעָא	Who knows six? I know six! Six are the orders of the Mishnah, Five are the books of the Torah, Four are the foremothers, Three are the forefathers, Two are the stelae of the covenant, and One is our elo’ah in the Heavens and the Earth.
שִׁבְעָה מִי יוֹדֵעַ. שִׁבְעָה אֲנִי יוֹדֵעַ. שִׁבְעָה יְמֵי שַׁבְּתָא. שִׁשָּׁה סִדְרֵי מִשְׁנָה. חֲמִשָּׁה חֻמְשֵׁי תוֹרָה. אַרְבַּע אִמָּהוֹת. שְׁלֹשָׁה אָבוֹת. שְׁנֵי לֻחוֹת הַבְּרִית. אֶחָד אֱלֹהֵינוּ שֶׁבַּשָּׁמַיִם וּבָאָרֶץ׃	שְׁבַע מָה יוּדָא שְׁבַא אָנוּ יוּדָא שְׁבַע יְמֵי שַׁבְּתָא שִׁיתָּא מִישְׁנָתָא חַמְשָׁא חֻמְשָׁתָא אַרְבַּע אִימְהָתָא תְּלַת אַבְהָתָא תְּרֵי לוּחֲתָא חַד אֱלָהָא מָרָן דִּי בִשְׁמַיָּא וְאַרְעָא	Who knows seven? I know seven! Seven are the days of the week, Six are the orders of the Mishnah, Five are the books of the Torah, Four are the foremothers, Three are the forefathers, Two are the stelae of the covenant, and One is our elo’ah in the Heavens and the Earth.
שְׁמוֹנָה מִי יוֹדֵעַ. שְׁמוֹנָה אֲנִי יוֹדֵעַ. שְׁמוֹנָה יְמֵי מִילָה. שִׁבְעָה יְמֵי שַׁבְּתָא. שִׁשָּׁה סִדְרֵי מִשְׁנָה. חֲמִשָּׁה חֻמְשֵׁי תוֹרָה. אַרְבַּע אִמָּהוֹת. שְׁלֹשָׁה אָבוֹת. שְׁנֵי לֻחוֹת הַבְּרִית. אֶחָד אֱלֹהֵינוּ שֶׁבַּשָּׁמַיִם וּבָאָרֶץ׃	תְּמַנְיָא מָה יוּדָא תְּמַנְיָא אָנוּ יוּדָא תְּמַנְיָא יְמֵי מְלָתָא שְׁבַע יְמֵי שַׁבְּתָא שִׁיתָּא מִישְׁנָתָא חַמְשָׁא חֻמְשָׁתָא אַרְבַּע אִימְהָתָא תְּלַת אַבְהָתָא תְּרֵי לוּחֲתָא חַד אֱלָהָא מָרָן דִּי בִשְׁמַיָּא וְאַרְעָא	Who knows eight? I know eight! Eight are the days until circumcision, Seven are the days of the week, Six are the orders of the Mishnah, Five are the books of the Torah, Four are the foremothers, Three are the forefathers, Two are the stelae of the covenant, and One is our elo’ah in the Heavens and the Earth.
תִּשְׁעָה מִי יוֹדֵעַ. תִּשְׁעָה אֲנִי יוֹדֵעַ. תִּשְׁעָה יַרְחֵי לֵידָה. שְׁמוֹנָה יְמֵי מִילָה. שִׁבְעָה יְמֵי שַׁבְּתָא. שִׁשָּׁה סִדְרֵי מִשְׁנָה. חֲמִשָּׁה חֻמְשֵׁי תוֹרָה. אַרְבַּע אִמָּהוֹת. שְׁלֹשָׁה אָבוֹת. שְׁנֵי לֻחוֹת הַבְּרִית. אֶחָד אֱלֹהֵינוּ שֶׁבַּשָּׁמַיִם וּבָאָרֶץ׃	תְּשַׁע מָה יוּדָא תְּשַׁע אָנוּ יוּדָא תְּשַׁע יָרְחֲתָא תְּמַנְיָא יְמֵי מְלָתָא שְׁבַע יְמֵי שַׁבְּתָא שִׁיתָּא מִישְׁנָתָא חַמְשָׁא חֻמְשָׁתָא אַרְבַּע אִימְהָתָא תְּלַת אַבְהָתָא תְּרֵי לוּחֲתָא חַד אֱלָהָא מָרָן דִּי בִשְׁמַיָּא וְאַרְעָא	Who knows nine? I know nine! Nine are the months of pregnancy, Eight are the days until circumcision, Seven are the days of the week, Six are the orders of the Mishnah, Five are the books of the Torah, Four are the foremothers, Three are the forefathers, Two are the stelae of the covenant, and One is our elo’ah in the Heavens and the Earth.
עֲשָׂרָה מִי יוֹדֵעַ. עֲשָׂרָה אֲנִי יוֹדֵעַ. עֲשָׂרָה דִבְּרַיָּא. תִּשְׁעָה יַרְחֵי לֵידָה. שְׁמוֹנָה יְמֵי מִילָה. שִׁבְעָה יְמֵי שַׁבְּתָא. שִׁשָּׁה סִדְרֵי מִשְׁנָה. חֲמִשָּׁה חֻמְשֵׁי תוֹרָה. אַרְבַּע אִמָּהוֹת. שְׁלֹשָׁה אָבוֹת. שְׁנֵי לֻחוֹת הַבְּרִית. אֶחָד אֱלֹהֵינוּ שֶׁבַּשָּׁמַיִם וּבָאָרֶץ׃	עֲסַר מָה יוּדָא עֲסַר אָנוּ יוּדָא עֲסַר דִּיבְרָתָא תְּשַׁע יָרְחֲתָא תְּמַנְיָא יְמֵי מְלָתָא שְׁבַע יְמֵי שַׁבְּתָא שִׁיתָּא מִישְׁנָתָא חַמְשָׁא חֻמְשָׁתָא אַרְבַּע אִימְהָתָא תְּלַת אַבְהָתָא תְּרֵי לוּחֲתָא חַד אֱלָהָא מָרָן דִּי בִשְׁמַיָּא וְאַרְעָא	Who knows ten? I know ten! Ten are the commandments, Nine are the months of pregnancy, Eight are the days until circumcision, Seven are the days of the week, Six are the orders of the Mishnah, Five are the books of the Torah, Four are the foremothers, Three are the forefathers, Two are the stelae of the covenant, and One is our elo’ah in the Heavens and the Earth.
אַחַד עָשָׂר מִי יוֹדֵעַ. אַחַד עָשָׂר אֲנִי יוֹדֵעַ. אַחַד עָשָׂר כּוֹכְבַיָּא. עֲשָׂרָה דִבְּרַיָּא. תִּשְׁעָה יַרְחֵי לֵידָה. שְׁמוֹנָה יְמֵי מִילָה. שִׁבְעָה יְמֵי שַׁבְּתָא. שִׁשָּׁה סִדְרֵי מִשְׁנָה. חֲמִשָּׁה חֻמְשֵׁי תוֹרָה. אַרְבַּע אִמָּהוֹת. שְׁלֹשָׁה אָבוֹת. שְׁנֵי לֻחוֹת הַבְּרִית. אֶחָד אֱלֹהֵינוּ שֶׁבַּשָּׁמַיִם וּבָאָרֶץ׃	חַדְסַר מָה יוּדָא חַדְסַר אָנוּ יוּדָא חַדְסַר כּוֹכְבָתָּא עֲסַר דִּיבְרָתָא תְּשַׁע יָרְחֲתָא תְּמַנְיָא יְמֵי מְלָתָא שְׁבַע יְמֵי שַׁבְּתָא שִׁיתָּא מִישְׁנָתָא חַמְשָׁא חֻמְשָׁתָא אַרְבַּע אִימְהָתָא תְּלַת אַבְהָתָא תְּרֵי לוּחֲתָא חַד אֱלָהָא מָרָן דִּי בִשְׁמַיָּא וְאַרְעָא	Who knows eleven? I know eleven! Eleven are the stars [in Yosef’s dream], Ten are the commandments, Nine are the months of pregnancy, Eight are the days until circumcision, Seven are the days of the week, Six are the orders of the Mishnah, Five are the books of the Torah, Four are the foremothers, Three are the forefathers, Two are the stelae of the covenant, and One is our elo’ah in the Heavens and the Earth.
שְׁנֵים עָשָׂר מִי יוֹדֵעַ. שְׁנֵים עָשָׂר אֲנִי יוֹדֵעַ. שְׁנֵים עָשָׂר שִׁבְטַיָּא. אַחַד עָשָׂר כּוֹכְבַיָּא. עֲשָׂרָה דִבְּרַיָּא. תִּשְׁעָה יַרְחֵי לֵידָה. שְׁמוֹנָה יְמֵי מִילָה. שִׁבְעָה יְמֵי שַׁבְּתָא. שִׁשָּׁה סִדְרֵי מִשְׁנָה. חֲמִשָּׁה חֻמְשֵׁי תוֹרָה. אַרְבַּע אִמָּהוֹת. שְׁלֹשָׁה אָבוֹת. שְׁנֵי לֻחוֹת הַבְּרִית. אֶחָד אֱלֹהֵינוּ שֶׁבַּשָּׁמַיִם וּבָאָרֶץ׃	תְּרֵיסַר מָה יוּדָא תְּרֵיסַר אָנוּ יוּדָא תְּרֵיסַר שִׁבְטַיָּא חַדְסַר כּוֹכְבָתָּא עֲסַר דִּיבְרָתָא תְּשַׁע יָרְחֲתָא תְּמַנְיָא יְמֵי מְלָתָא שְׁבַע יְמֵי שַׁבְּתָא שִׁיתָּא מִישְׁנָתָא חַמְשָׁא חֻמְשָׁתָא אַרְבַּע אִימְהָתָא תְּלַת אַבְהָתָא תְּרֵי לוּחֲתָא חַד אֱלָהָא מָרָן דִּי בִשְׁמַיָּא וְאַרְעָא	Who knows twelve? I know twelve! Twelve are the tribes [of Yisrael], Eleven are the stars [in Yosef’s dream], Ten are the commandments, Nine are the months of pregnancy, Eight are the days until circumcision, Seven are the days of the week, Six are the orders of the Mishnah, Five are the books of the Torah, Four are the foremothers, Three are the forefathers, Two are the stelae of the covenant, and One is our elo’ah in the Heavens and the Earth.
שְׁלֹשָׁה עָשָׂר מִי יוֹדֵעַ. שְׁלֹשָׁה עָשָׂר אֲנִי יוֹדֵעַ. שְׁלֹשָׁה עָשָׂר מִדַּיָּא. שְׁנֵים עָשָׂר שִׁבְטַיָּא. אַחַד עָשָׂר כּוֹכְבַיָּא. עֲשָׂרָה דִבְּרַיָּא. תִּשְׁעָה יַרְחֵי לֵידָה. שְׁמוֹנָה יְמֵי מִילָה. שִׁבְעָה יְמֵי שַׁבְּתָא. שִׁשָּׁה סִדְרֵי מִשְׁנָה. חֲמִשָּׁה חֻמְשֵׁי תוֹרָה. אַרְבַּע אִמָּהוֹת. שְׁלֹשָׁה אָבוֹת. שְׁנֵי לֻחוֹת הַבְּרִית. אֶחָד אֱלֹהֵינוּ שֶׁבַּשָּׁמַיִם וּבָאָרֶץ׃	תְּלֵיסַר מָה יוּדָא תְּלֵיסַר אָנוּ יוּדָא תְּלֵיסַר מִידָתָא תְּרֵיסַר שִׁבְטַיָּא חַדְסַר כּוֹכְבָתָּא עֲסַר דִּיבְרָתָא תְּשַׁע יָרְחֲתָא תְּמַנְיָא יְמֵי מְלָתָא שְׁבַע יְמֵי שַׁבְּתָא שִׁיתָּא מִישְׁנָתָא חַמְשָׁא חֻמְשָׁתָא אַרְבַּע אִימְהָתָא תְּלַת אַבְהָתָא תְּרֵי לוּחֲתָא חַד אֱלָהָא מָרָן דִּי בִשְׁמַיָּא וְאַרְעָא	Who knows thirteen? I know thirteen! Thirteen are the attributes [of divine mercy], Twelve are the tribes [of Yisrael], Eleven are the stars [in Yosef’s dream], Ten are the commandments, Nine are the months of pregnancy, Eight are the days until circumcision, Seven are the days of the week, Six are the orders of the Mishnah, Five are the books of the Torah, Four are the foremothers, Three are the forefathers, Two are the stelae of the covenant, and One is our elo’ah in the Heavens and the Earth.

Source(s)

The Hebrew script traditionally used for Judeo-Italian features several unique aspects, most noticeably the use of shva to mark the vowel /e/.

• the use of “zouz” in place of the standard Arabic “ithnan” to refer to the number 2
• the verbal morphology, with a present-tense indicative kaa- prefix
• the interchangeability of shin and sin, both pronounced as /s/, and of zayin and gimel, both pronounced as /z/ — a unique aspect of pre-Hilalian Maghrebi dialects like Judeo-Moroccan Arabic

As is often the case in translation, some of the numbers are different. Specifically:

• instead of being the days of the week, seven is the days of the ḥuppah (i.e. the days of celebration after a wedding)
• instead of being the dibrot, ten is a minyan
• instead of being the attributes of mercy, thirteen is the age of the bar mitsvah
• The opening line, by my estimation, means “I know, that I may know them; that I may know of .” kaa-ndri = “I know,” while ndri-hom = “I know (subjunctive) them”.

The counting-song, “Eḥad Mi Yode’ah” appears for the first time in the Prague Haggadah (1526) in Hebrew and Yiddish, and was transcribed and translated into English by Aharon Varady. This Judeo-Moroccan adaptation is found on pages 159-160 in the maḥzor ספר מועדי ה׳ השלם (originally printed 1856). Many thanks to Milton Torres-Cerón for bringing this variation of Eḥad Mi Yode’ah to our attention via the Passages of Rite discussion group on Facebook.

Source(s)

kaandri ndrihom – mahzor Moadé Hashem, p. 159 (photo credit: Milton Torres-Cerón)

kaandri ndrihom – mahzor Moadé Hashem, p. 160 (photo credit: Milton Torres-Cerón)

kaandri ndrihom – mahzor Moadé Hashem, p. 161 (photo credit: Milton Torres-Cerón)

But to be serious, Quenya was one of several languages developed by J.R.R. Tolkien. It serves as the sacred ancestral language of the Noldorin elves in the Middle-Earth legendarium. The editor here has developed this adaptation of the well-known seder table-song Eḥad Mi Yodéaʼ into Quenya, with thanks and credit to the experts at elfdict for their help.

He has also transcribed it into a home-brewed transcription system into Hebrew script also used for his Min Yacincë translation of Ḥad Gadya.

Note several new aspects of the system not represented in the prior text:

• Single-syllable long vowel words such as rí רִיא are marked with a word-final alef to distinguish them from short-vowel single-syllable words.
• The cluster ts is marked as צ rather than as טְס
• Borrowed words that don’t fit into Quenya phonotactically, such as ישראל, are written as-is, with a transcription of the Quenya phonotactic borrowing following — (ק׳ אִרַּחֶל).
• Geminated consonants are marked with a dagesh.

The Quenya in Tengwar script was rendered via Glǽmscribe – The Tolkien language transcriber. For counting reference, here is the Tengwar duodecimal system:

Tengwar Duodecimal System 1-24 (credit: Isaac Gantwerk Mayer, CC BY-SA)

The numbers 1 through 24 in Tengwar, the script created by J.R.R. Tolkien, using the Alcarin font designed by Toshi Omagari. Also included are the numerals in decimal, as well as in the dozenal system developed by Isaac Pitman in 1857. Note that in Tengwar the smallest digit comes first.

The counting-song, “Eḥad Mi Yodéaʼ” appears for the first time in the Prague Haggadah (1526) in Hebrew and Yiddish, and was transcribed and translated into English by Aharon Varady.

Esperanto as a language has a long Jewish history. Developed by the proudly Jewish L.L, Zamenhof, its utopian vision of a world of free cultural interchange has always been popular among Jews. In fact, the phonology of Esperanto bears many similarities to Yiddish. Thus, Isaac Gantwerk Mayer has developed a system of writing Esperanto in a largely Yiddish-based Hebrew script (PDF | ODT), into which this poem has been transcribed.

This is the translation of Ḥad Gadya into Esperanto by Erin Piateski with a Hebraicization schema for Esperanto by Isaac Gantwerk Mayer. Piateski’s translation first appeared in her כוכב ירוק הגדה של פסח | Verda Stelo Hagado de Pesaĥo (2010).

The counting-song, “Eḥad Mi Yode’ah” appears for the first time in the Prague Haggadah (1526) in Hebrew and Yiddish, and was transcribed and translated into English by Aharon Varady.

Source

[gview file=”https://opensiddur.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/Judeo-Esperanto-Hebraicization-Schema-Isaac-Gantwerk-Mayer-2022.pdf”]