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Sometimes the best we can do in attributing a historical work is to indicate the period and place it was written, the first prayer book it may have been printed in, or the archival collection in which the manuscript was found. We invite the public to help to attribute all works to their original composers. If you know something not mentioned in the commentary offered, please let us know!

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2023-2025 Israel–Hamas war | ABABCCDD | acrostic | Acrostic signature | אדון עולם Adon Olam | אגדלך Agadelkha | Alphabetic Acrostic | אמרר בבכי Amarer b-Vekhi | American Jewry of the United States | political and religious anarchism | Angelic Nature | Angelification | Angels | אקדמות Aqdamut | Arabic translation | Aramaic | Aramaic translation | Arba Kehillot | ארכין Arkin | עשרת הדיברות aseret hadibrot | Avraham Avinu | אין אדיר Ayn Adir | Batavian Republic | Battle of Kápolna | British Commonwealth | British Jewry | British Monarchy | Carpentras | civil declarations and charters | Constitutional Monarchy | cosmological | counting songs | Crowning | Darija | Decalogue | Dutch Jewry | אחד מי יודע eḥad mi Yodéaʼ | אל מלא רחמים El Malé Raḥamim | elegies | Emancipation | the Enlightenment | entering magical territory | euphoria | exile | Felix Libertate | fire | הקפה ד׳ fourth haḳafah | German vernacular prayer | Greek speaking Jewry | Greek translation | חד גדיא Ḥad Gadya | Haftarah supplement | ההיכלות ויורדי המרכבה haHeikhalot v'Yordei haMerkavah | Har Sinai | חסידות Ḥasidut | Hebrew translation | High Middle Ages | Hungarian Revolution of 1848 | Israel | Italian translation | Jeremiah | Jewish Science movement | Judeo-Arabic | Judeo-Greek | Judeo-Tunisian | קדיש ḳaddish | Kingdom of Hungary | Kurdish Jewry | labor exploitation | Ladino Translation | Ladino vernacular prayer | Lajos Kossuth | lamentation | liberation | Magyar vernacular prayer | Mainz | מעוז צור Maoz Tsur | mid-first millennium CE | military | Morocco | Mosheh Rabbenu | mythopoesis | national anthems | Needing Attribution | Needing Proofreading | נעילה‎ neilah | Netherlandish Jewry | nine days | נרצה Nirtsah | Nusaḥ Comtat Venaissin | Ode to Joy | parody | Patriotic hymns | פיוטים piyyuṭim | Prayers as poems | predation | קינות Ḳinōt | Queen Elizabeth Ⅱ | Queens | רשויות reshuyot | Revolutions of 1848 | Revolutions of 1917–1923 | rhyming translation | salvation | ספר יצירה Sefer Yetsirah | סליחות səliḥot | שבע מצות בני נח Seven Noaḥide Commandments | שבת חזון Shabbat Ḥazon | פרשת יתרו Parashat Yitro | Shabbatot of Admonition | socialism | Spanish-Portuguese | Spanish Translation | תרגום targum | the Furnace | the Holocaust | the Plains of Moav | השואה the Shoah | theophany | Three Weeks of Mourning | tithing | Tunisia | United Kingdom | Universal Peace | via negativa | War of Attrition | Western Sefaradim | World War Ⅱ | Yevanic | Yiddish songs | Yiddish translation | Yiddish vernacular prayer | ישראל Yisrael | יזכור yizkor | Y'mei Bein haMitsrim | זמירות zemirot | 8th century B.C.E. | 6th century B.C.E. | 11th century C.E. | 12th century C.E. | 13th century C.E. | 14th century C.E. | 16th century C.E. | 17th century C.E. | 18th century C.E. | 19th century C.E. | 20th century C.E. | 21st century C.E. | 31st century A.M. | 34th century A.M. | 49th century A.M. | 51st century A.M. | 52nd century A.M. | 53rd century A.M. | 54th century A.M. | 55th century A.M. | 56th century A.M. | 57th century A.M. | 58th century A.M.

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וַאחְדְ אזְדִיוַא | وحد الجديوة | חַד גַּדְיָא (Waaḥₔd ₔZdiwa) — a Judeo-Moroccan Arabic (Darija) adaptation of Ḥad Gadya

Contributed by: Unknown (translation), Unknown, Isaac Gantwerk Mayer (transcription & naqdanut), Isaac Gantwerk Mayer (translation)

A Judeo-Moroccan Arabic (Darija) adaptation of the Passover seder song, Ḥad Gadya, as found in Mahzor Moȝadé Hashem.


חַד גַּדְיָא | Rhaz Gadeïa — a Judeo-Provençal translation of Ḥad Gadya

Contributed by: Isaac Gantwerk Mayer (transcription & naqdanut), Unknown (translation), Unknown

A translation of Ḥad Gadya into Judeo-Provençal, largely based on a recording made by Eliane Amado Levi-Valensi (ca. 1972).


מָעוֹז צוּר | Maoz Tsur in a rhyming English translation (1893)

Contributed by: Isaac Gantwerk Mayer (transcription & naqdanut), Unknown (translation), Mordekhai ben Yitsḥaq ha-Levi

This is an English translation of Maoz Tsur published by The Hebrew Standard for their 1893 Ḥanukkah issue (vol. 29, no. 12, New York, Friday, 8 December 1893 — 29 Kislev 5654). The Hebrew Standard was one of the biggest English-language Jewish papers in America around the turn of the twentieth century, generally taking a more traditionalist line than the Reform papers and a more moderate line than the leftist ones. This translation, simply titled “Chanukah”, unfortunately goes unattributed in the pages of The Hebrew Standard. The translation follows an ABABCCDD rhyme scheme (for those unfamiliar with rhyme scheme notation, this is the same rhyme scheme as “The Star-Spangled Banner“), unlike the Hebrew’s ABABBBccB.


אֲגַדֶלְךָ | Agadelkha, a piyyuṭ by Avraham ibn Ezra (ca. 12th c.)

Contributed by: Unknown (translation), Avraham ibn Ezra, Aharon N. Varady (transcription)

A popular piyyut for all occasions by Avraham ibn Ezra.


אֲמָרֵר בְּבֶֽכִי | Amarér b-Vèkhi — a seliḥah for 17 Tammuz by Menaḥem ben Makhir (German translation by an unknown translator)

Contributed by: Isaac Gantwerk Mayer (transcription & naqdanut), Unknown (translation), Menaḥem ben Makhir

This is a transcription of “Amarer b-Vekhi,” a seliḥah for the 17th of Tammuz by Menaḥem ben Makhir. The German translation by an unknown translator can be found in סידור שפה ברורה Tägliches Gebetbuch der Israeliten für das ganze Jahr (B.L. Monasch, Krotoschin: 1845), pp. 405-407.


אֲדוֹן עוֹלָם (מנהג הספרדים במזרח) | Adōn Olam (Ladino translation from the Sidur Tefilat Kol Pe, 1891)

Contributed by: Unknown (translation), Shlomo ibn Gabirol, Aharon N. Varady (transcription), Isaac Gantwerk Mayer (translation)

The Seder Tefilat Kol Peh was printed in 1891 in Vienna, and features a full Ladino translation of the entire siddur. The Ladino translation here is found on the left side of pagespread №145. Along with a full transcription of the Ladino text, Isaac Gantwerk Mayer has also prepared a full romanization of the Ladino.


בַּחֹֽדֶשׁ הָֽרְבִיעִי | baḤodesh haRevi’i (In the fourth month), a ḳinah for the 17th of Tamuz attributed to Solomon ibn Gabirol (ca. 11th c.)

Contributed by: Isaac Leeser (translation), Unknown (translation), Shlomo ibn Gabirol, Aharon N. Varady (transcription)

The seliḥah with its English translation as found in Siddur Siftei Tsadiqim (The Form of Prayers) vol. 6: Seder haTefilot laTaaniyot (ed. Isaac Leeser 1838) p.107-109.


אַקְדָמּוּת אי איך אן היבּ צו רידן | אַקְדָמּוּת מִלִּין — Aqdamut Milin, a piyyuṭ for introducing the Decalogue by Rabbi Meir ben Yitsḥaq Nehorai of Orléans (Yiddish translation, 1694)

Contributed by: Aharon N. Varady (transcription), Isaac Rivkind (transcription), Unknown (translation), Meir ben Isaac Nehorai of Orléans

This is the targumic Aramaic piyyut, Aqdamut Milin by Rabbi Meir ben Yitsḥaq Nehorai of Orléans, with a Yiddish translation from 1694. The translation is appended to the first known printing of the Maaséh Aqdamut (Fürth 1694). This legendary story served as a frame tale for the recitation of the piyyut at the outset of the reading of the Decalogue on Shavuot. The transcription is based on an earlier transcription of the Fürth 1694 printing published by Isaac Rivkind in “די היסטאָרישע אַלעגאָריע פון ר׳ מאיר שַ״ץ” (“The Historical Allegory of Rabbi Meir, shatz [Shaliaḥ Tsibur]”) the first chapter in Filologishe shriftn vol. 3 (1929), pp. 1-42. (This translation of the Aqdamut appears on pages/numbered columns 36-40.)


ארכין ער נײגט גאט דען הימל אױף בּערג סיני | אַרְכִּין ה׳ שְׁמַיָּא — Arkin Hashem Shemaya, a piyyut narrating the ascent of Mosheh (Yiddish translation, 1694)

Contributed by: Aharon N. Varady (transcription), Isaac Rivkind (transcription), Unknown (translation), Unknown

The Yiddish translation of the Aramaic piyyut “Arkin” is appended to the first known printing of the Maaséh Aqdamut (Fürth 1694). The transcription is based on an earlier transcription of the Fürth 1694 printing published by Isaac Rivkind in “די היסטאָרישע אַלעגאָריע פון ר׳ מאיר שַ״ץ” (“The Historical Allegory of Rabbi Meir, shatz [Shaliaḥ Tsibur]”) the first chapter in Filologishe shriftn vol. 3 (1929), pp. 1-42. (This translation of the Aqdamut appears on pages/numbered columns 40-42.)


The Ten Commandments (Exodus 20:1-14) in Ladino translation from the Constantinople Codex (1547)

Contributed by: Shmueli Gonzales (transcription), Moshe Lazar (transcription), Unknown (translation), the Mesorah (TaNaKh)

There are various traditions as to the numbering of the commandments, as well as the enumeration of verses of the Decalogue, the Ten Commandment. In this transcription of the Ladino text we are following the numeration of verses according to the Constantinople Codex of 1547 C.E., as edited by the great scholar Professor Moshe Lazar (z”l) of the University of Southern California in 1988. This newly typeset text is an original transcription by Reb Shmuel Gonzales, of the Boyle Heights Chavurah – of the grassroots Jewish community of East Los Angeles, California; transcriber and editor of Sephardic texts for the Open Siddur Project; in celebration of Shavuot of 5783, and published in May of 2023.


💬 מגילת יונה | Megillat Yonah with its Yevanic (Judeo-Greek) Targum ca. 14th c.

Contributed by: Unknown (translation), the Mesorah (TaNaKh), Isaac Gantwerk Mayer (transcription & naqdanut)

This is a 14th-century translation of the entire book of Jonah into Judeo-Greek or Yevanic, the traditional language of the Romaniote community of Byzantium. To quote the Judeo-Greek expert Julia G. Krivoruchko, it “exhibits a fusion of contemporary vernacular language with archaic elements” and “favors an extremely literal translation style.” This translation was first published in Greek transcription by the Dutch hellenist Dirk Christiaan Hesseling, who misdated it to the 12th-century based on a mixup between the Seleucid and common eras. Included as part of a Romaniote maḥzor (Bodleian Library MS. Oppenheim Add. 8° 19), this translation was almost certainly in use as a targum for the reading of Jonah as the Yom Kippur minḥa haftarah. In the original manuscript the majority of verses are preceded with a few words of the Hebrew, a common practice for written targumim.


📜 Torah Reading for the First Day of Shavuot (Exodus 19:1-20:23) in Ladino translation from the Constantinople Codex (1547)

Contributed by: Shmueli Gonzales (transcription), Moshe Lazar (transcription), Unknown (translation), the Mesorah (TaNaKh)

This is the text of the Ladino translation of the Shavuot Day One readings from Exodus 19:1-20:23 as transcribed in romanized Ladino by Moshe Lazar in his Ladino Pentateuch: (Constantinople, 1547) (1988), and retranscribed as digital text by Shmuel Gonzales (2026).


📜 Torah Reading for the Second Day of Shavuot when it occurs on Shabbat (Deuteronomy 14:22-16:17 and Numbers 28:26-31) in Ladino translation from the Constantinople Codex (1547)

Contributed by: Shmueli Gonzales (transcription), Moshe Lazar (transcription), Unknown (translation), the Mesorah (TaNaKh)

This is the text of the Ladino translation of the Shavuot Day Two readings from Deuteronomy 14:22-16:17 (and the Maftir: Numbers 28:26-31) as transcribed by Moshe Lazar in his Ladino Pentateuch: (Constantinople, 1547) (1988), and retranscribed as digital text by Shmuel Gonzales (2026).



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