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Sometimes the best we can do in attributing a historical work is to indicate the period and place it was written, the first prayer book it may have been printed in, or the archival collection in which the manuscript was found. We invite the public to help to attribute all works to their original composers. If you know something not mentioned in the commentary offered, please leave a comment or contact us.

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אברא כדברא abra k'davra | אדון הסליחות Adon haSeliḥot | אדון עולם Adon Olam | אדיר במלוכה Adir Bimlukhah | אדיר הוא Adir Hu | אהבה רבה ahavah rabbah | אהבת ישראל loving Yisrael | אהבת עולם ahavat olam | אושפיזין ushpizin | אושפיזתא Ushpizata | אז ישיר Az Yashir | אחד מי יודע eḥad mi yode'a | אין אדיר Ayn Adir | אין כאלהינו Ein kEloheinu | אלהינו שבשמים Elohenu Shebashamayim | אלהי נשמה Elohai neshamah | אליהו הנביא Eliyahu haNavi | אלי ציון Eli Tsiyon | אל אדון el adon | אל מלא רחמים El Malé Raḥamim | אל שמר El Shemor | אל תירא al tira | אמת ויציב emet v'yatsiv | אנא בכח Ana b'Khoaḥ | ארץ ישראל Erets Yisrael | אשמנו Ashamnu | אשרי Ashrei | אשת חיל eshet ḥayil | בהמות behemot | במה מדליקין bameh madliqin | בענטשן bentshn | בקשות Baqashot | ברוך שאמר barukh she'amar | ברית brit | ברכות השחר birkhot hashaḥar | ברכות brakhot | ברכת גאל ישראל birkat ga'al yisrael | ברכת הבית birkat habayit | ברכת המזון birkat hamazon | גלגול נפשות gilgul nefashot | געולה ge'ulah (redemption) | גשם geshem | דיינו Daiyenu | האל בתעצימות ha-El b'taatsumōt | ההיכלות ויורדי המרכבה haHeikhalot v'Yordei haMerkavah | הוצאת ספר תורה Removal of the Torah from the Ark | היום תאמצנו Hayom T'amtsenu | הכל יודוך hakol yodukha | הללו־יה hallelu-yah | המזבח the Mizbe'aḥ | המקבים Maccabees | המשכן the Mishkan | הנותן תשועה haNotén Teshuah | הנני hineni | הקפה ד׳ fourth haḳafah | השואה the Shoah | השכיבנו hashkivenu | ובמקהלות uvMaqhalot | ויברך דויד Vayivarekh David | וידוים viduyim | וידוי vidui | ונתנה תקף unetaneh toqef | זמירות zemirot | זמן תשובה Zman teshuvah | חבּ״ד ḤaBaD Lubavitch | חבקוק Ḥabaquq | חג הבנות Ḥag HaBanot | חד גדיא Ḥad Gadya | חזנות ḥazzanut | חסידים ḥassidim | חסידי אשכנז Ḥasidei Ashkenaz | חצי קדיש ḥatsi ḳaddish | חתימות ḥatimot (concluding prayers) | טהרה taharah | טל tal | יובל Yovel Jubilee | יוצר אור yotser ohr | יזכור yizkor | יחוד yiḥud | יצחק Yitsḥaq | ירושלם Jerusalem | ישראל Yisrael | ישתבח Yishtabaḥ | כבוד kavod | כוונות kavvanot | כפרות kaparot | לוח lu'aḥ | למנציח Lamnatse'aḥ | למענך l'maankha | מגילת אסתר Megillat Esther | מדינת ישראל Medinat Yisrael | מה נאכל בסעודה הזו mah nokhal baseudah hazo | מזמור Mizmor | מי שברך mi sheberakh | מי שענה Mi She’anah | מנחה Minḥah | מערבות maaravot | מעריב ערבים ma'ariv aravim | משיח Moshiaḥ | נח Noaḥ | נעילה‎ neilah | נרצה Nirtsah | נר תמיד ner tamid | נשמת כל חי Nishmat kol ḥai | סגולות segulot | סטרנורא Saturnalia | סליחות səliḥot | סנדלפון Sandalfon | ספירות sefirot | ספירת העומר sefirat haomer | ספר הפליאה Sefer haPeliah | ספר הקנה Sefer haQanah | ספר יצירה Sefer Yetsirah | עזרת אבותנו ezrat avotenu | עין הרע predatory gaze (ill will/evil eye) | עינוי Innui (self-affliction) | עלינו Aleinu | על הנסים al hanissim | על הראשונים al harishonim | על כן נקוה al ken n'qaveh | על נהרות בבל Al naharot Bavel | עמידה amidah | עננו anenu | פזמונים pizmonim | פיוטים piyyuṭim | פיקוח נפש piqoaḥ nefesh | פסוקי דזמרה pesuqei dezimrah | פרשת תולדת parashat Toldot | פרשת תרומה parashat Terumah | פתח אליהו Pataḥ Eliyahu | צדקה tsedaqah | צה״ל IDF | צור משלו Tsur Mishelo | צער באלי חיים tsa'ar baalei ḥayyim | קבלה ḳabbalah | קבלת שבת kabbalat shabbat | קדושה Qedushah | קדיש דרבנן Ḳaddish D'Rabanan | קדיש יתום Mourner's Ḳaddish | קדיש שלם Ḳaddish shalem | קדיש ḳaddish | קידוש ḳiddush | קינות Ḳinōt | קלנדס Ḳalends | קמעות ḳame'ot | קמעות qame'ot (amulets) | קפיצת הדרך ḳfitsat haderekh | קרובות ḳerovot | רבון העולמים Ribon haOlamim | רחל Raḥel | רשות reshut | שבועות Shavuot | שבח praise | שבע ברכות sheva brakhot | שבת הגדול Shabbat haGadol | שבת מבורכים shabbat mevorkhim | שבת נחמו Shabbat Naḥamu | שבת שירה shabbat shirah | שבת שקלים Shabbat Sh'qalim | שבת shabbat | שדים sheydim | שוכן עד shokhen ad | שירת הים Shirat haYam | שיר היחוד Shir haYiḥud | שיר הכבוד shir hakavod | שיר של יום Shir Shel Yom | שיר Shir | שכינה Shekhinah | שלום עליכם shalom aleikhem | שמע shemaŋ | תהלים Psalms | תוכחות tokheḥot | תחינות teḥinot | תחינות tkhines | תחנונים taḥanunim | תענו ותעתרו Tayanu v'tayatru | תפילות קודם התפילה Prayers before Praying | תפילת הדרך tefilat haderekh | תפלין tefillin | תרגום targum | תשלומים tashlumim | Ḥasidic | ḥayot | Ḳ.Ḳ. Shearith Israel | 100 blessings a day | 11th century C.E. | 12th century C.E. | 13th century C.E. | 14th century C.E. | 15th century C.E. | 16th century C.E. | 17 Shəvat | 17th century C.E. | 18th century C.E. | 19th century C.E. | 2023-2024 Israel–Hamas war | 20th century C.E. | 21st century C.E. | 24th century C.E. | 28 Adar | 2nd century B.C.E. | 2nd century C.E. | 36th century A.M. | 37th century A.M. | 3rd century C.E. | 40th century A.M. | 41st century A.M. | 42 letter divine name | 43rd century A.M. | 44th century A.M. | 45th century A.M. | 46th century A.M. | 47th century A.M. | 48th century A.M. | 49th century A.M. | 50th century A.M. | 51st century A.M. | 52nd century A.M. | 53rd century A.M. | 54th century A.M. | 55th century A.M. | 56th century A.M. | 57th century A.M. | 58th century A.M. | 5th century C.E. | 61st century A.M. | 7th century C.E. | 8th century C.E. | 9th century C.E. | a red ribbon | ABAB rhyming scheme | Abayudaya Jews | abbreviated alternative formulas | 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Egyptian | Midrash HaGadol | military | Minhag Aleppo Musta'arabi | Miriam | Miriam's well | Monday | Mordekhai | Morocco | Mosheh Rabbenu | mourning | Mourning this Broken World | Musaf Rosh Hashanah | Musaf Yom Kippur | music making | mysterious fish | mythical feasts | mytho-historical chronicles | naḥshon ben aminadav | Naphtali | Napoleon Bonaparte | national anthems | Na'vi translation | Neḥemyah | Needing Attribution | Needing citation references | Needing Proofreading | Needing Source Images | Needing Transcription | Needing Translation (into Arabic) | Needing Translation (into English) | Needing Vocalization | ne'ila | Neo-Aramaic | neo-lurianic | neshamah | Netherlandish Jewry | Netherlands | new moon | New York | night | nisuin | Noaḥide covenant | non-dual theology | North America | North American Conference on Ethiopian Jewry | North American Jewry | Nusaḥ Anglia | Nusaḥ Ashkenaz | nusaḥ baladi | Nusaḥ Cochin | Nusaḥ Comtat Venaissin | Nusaḥ Erets Yisrael | Nusaḥ Farsi | Nusaḥ Ha-Ari z"l | Nusaḥ Italḳi | Nusaḥ Roma | Nusaḥ Romaniote | Nusaḥ Sefaradi | Nusaḥ Šingli | Nusaḥ TsaHaL | Oḥilah la'El | ocean | ohev amo | Old English translation | Old Norse translation | Oliver Cromwell | Openers | Opening Prayers | oral torah | origin stories | otiyot | Ottoman Egypt | Ottoman Empire | Pandemic | Papiamentu translation | parabiblical aggadah | Paraguay | paraliturgical | paraliturgical birkat haḥodesh | paraliturgical birkat hamazon | paraliturgical hanoten teshuah | paraliturgical hashkivenu | Paraliturgical Prayer for the New Month | paraliturgical psalms 100 | paraliturgical teḥinot | parenting | parody | Partial Hallel | particularism and universalism | peace | Pedagogical songs | People's Crusade | performing mitsvot | petiḥah | Philadelphia | phonetic alphabetic acrostic translation | physical labor | Pisces | Pogroms in Ukraine 1918-1924 | polemic | Polish vernacular prayer | political and religious anarchism | polyglot | Pope Benedict XIV | Portuguese 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🆕 יְהַלְלֽוּךָ | Yehallelukha, an adapted German translation for Hallel by Lisa Tarlau (1909)

Contributed by: Aharon N. Varady (transcription), Lise Tarlau, Unknown

This adapted translation by Lisa Tarlau of Yehallelukha (“May all Your creations praise You”) can be found in Rabbi Max Grunwald’s anthology of Jewish women’s prayer, Beruria: Gebet- und Andachtsbuch für jüdische Frauen und Mädchen (1909), page 169. . . .


הַנּוֹתֵן תְּשׁוּעָה | Prayer for the Royal Family and Armed Forces of King Charles Ⅲ (2022)

Contributed by: Office of the Chief Rabbi of the UHC of the UK & the Commonwealth, Unknown, Aharon N. Varady (transcription)

This is the formula of the prayer for the government established by chief rabbi Joseph H. Hertz as introduced in 1935 for King George IV at the Royal Jubilee Service and included in his revised Authorised Prayer Book, vol. II (1942/3), p. 506-507. In 2014, this formula was amended by Rabbi Ephraim Mirvis of the Office of the Chief Rabbi of the UK and the Commonwealth, to include a short passage in recognition of the United Kingdom’s armed forces. . . .


כַּפָּרוֹת | Kaparōt (using money dedicated for charity), the ritual for the expiation of offenses before Yom Kippur

Contributed by: Unknown, Aharon N. Varady (transcription)

The ritual of kaparot using a bundle of money dedicated for tsedaqah. . . .


קדיש דרבנן | Ḳaddish d’Rabanan (of Our Teachers), a translation by Everett Fox after Franz Rosenzweig

Contributed by: Everett Fox, Unknown

The Ḳaddish d’Rabanan, in Hebrew with English translation by Everett Fox after Franz Rosenzweig. . . .


תפלה לשליח ציבור | Hineni: The Prayer of the Shaliaḥ Tsibur, interpretive translation by Rabbi Oren Steinitz

Contributed by: Oren Steinitz, Unknown

Hineni – the leader’s prayer that opens the High Holy Days Mussaf has always been a challenge for me. While a dramatic moment in the service, it always seemed a little *too* grand to represent a prayer of humility. This is a version of it I wrote in an attempt to make myself more comfortable at that moment. –Rabbi Oren Steinitz . . .


אדיר הוא | Awesome One: an Alphabetical English Interpretation of the piyyut Adir Hu, by Isaac Gantwerk Mayer

Contributed by: Unknown, Isaac Gantwerk Mayer (translation)

Adir Hu, a classic Pesaḥ song if ever there was one, is a part of Seder tables all over the planet. Its alphabetical list of God’s attributes, combined with its repeated pleas for a return to Jerusalem, make it a classic, to the point where the traditional German farewell greeting for Passover was not “chag sameach” or “gut yontef” but “bau gut” – build well. This interpretation, while not a direct translation by any means, has the same rhythmic pattern and alphabetical structure, giving a sense of the greatness of God. . . .


אוֹחִילָה לָאֵל | Oḥilah la’El, a reshut and a personal prayer offered by the shaliaḥ tsibbur, Yosef Goldman

Contributed by: Yosef Goldman, Unknown

“The personal prayer of this shaliaḥ tsibbur” with a translation of the piyyut “Oḥilah la’El” was first published on Facebook by Yosef Goldman and shared through the Open Siddur Project via its Facebook discussion group. . . .


Kavvanah before eating or drinking on Yom Kippur for military personnel on active service (IDF 2017)

Contributed by: Unknown, Tsva ha-Haganah l'Yisrael, Aharon N. Varady (transcription)

This is a kavvanah (intention) distributed beginning in 2017 for Jewish soldiers on active service during Yom Kippur to use before eating or drinking a limited amount of nourishment in order to sustain their attention and readiness. The text of the prayer here is that which was distributed by Rabbi Captain Udi Schwartz, head of the chief rabbi for Tsahal (IDF), and published by Arutz 7. The kavvanah is derived from one published in 1983 by Rav Yitschok Zilberstein for those who, due to their state of health, must eat or drink in order to live (find Toras haYoledes (1983), chapter 52, section 10, p. 357; pp. 331-332 in the bilingual edition 1989). That kavvanah, according to Rabbi Zilberstein was, “הועתק ממחזור עתיק” (“copied from an old maḥzor”). . . .


הגדה לסדר פסח | Haggadah of the Inner Seder, by Rabbi David Seidenberg (neohasid·org)

Contributed by: David Seidenberg (translation), Neohasid·org, Unknown

The Haggadah of the Inner Seder focuses on revealing the inner structure of the seder. This haggadah gives signposts and cues as to where the important shifts in meaning are happening. It also makes clear the seder’s structure and adds in some commentaries that will make sense of not just what things mean but how they work. It also includes some of the customs I am fond of. It does not include a lot of material meant to update the seder or to bring in contemporary issues (though it does have a few commentaries related to peace between Israelis and Palestinians). The Haggadah is 18 pages long. . . .


תְּפִלָּה לְחֵיְילוֹת אַרְצוֹת הַבְּרִית | Prayer for the Safety of the United States Armed Forces (2014)

Contributed by: Unknown, Aharon N. Varady (transcription)

This “Prayer for the Safety of the American Military Forces” by an unknown author was first shared on the website of the Orthodox Union on 5 February 2014 with the note, “The RCA and the OU have circulated a special prayer to be said in synagogues during Shabbat services in support of our armed services courageously waging the battle against the scourge of global terrorism.” . . .


הַנּוֹתֵן תְּשׁוּעָה | Prayer for the Royal Family and Armed Forces of Queen Elizabeth Ⅱ (2014)

Contributed by: Ephraim Mirvis, Office of the Chief Rabbi of the UHC of the UK & the Commonwealth, Unknown

In 2014, the formula of “haNoten Teshua” suggested by the Office of the Chief Rabbi of the UK and the Commonwealth, was amended by the chief rabbi, Ephraim Mirvis, to include a short passage in recognition of the United Kingdom’s armed forces. . . .


מִי שֶׁבֵּרַךְ לְפִדְיוֹן שְׁבוּיִם | Mi sheBerakh for the redemption of those in captivity (or whose whereabouts are unknown)

Contributed by: Ephraim Mirvis, Office of the Chief Rabbi of the UHC of the UK & the Commonwealth, Unknown

This mi sheberakh was published by the Office of the Chief Rabbi of the United Hebrew Congregations of Great Britain and the Commonwealth in June 2014, as “Prayer Issued for Missing Israeli Teenagers,” writing: “The prayer…currently being recited across Israel for missing teenagers Naftali Frenkel, Gilad Shaar and Eyal Yifrach, was issued today to Rabbanim of the United Hebrew Congregations by Chief Rabbi Mirvis.” Recitation of this psalm and mi sheberakh seem appropriate to me in the case of unconscionable, immoral, and unjust state policies that separate children from their caregivers. To help fulfill the mitsvah of ransoming captives, please contribute to funds paying out bail bonds and demonstrate your opposition to these policies. . . .


סֵדֶר סְפִירַת הָעֹמֶר | Seder Sefirat ha-Omer :: the Order of Counting the Omer between Pesaḥ and Shavuot

Contributed by: Lieba B. Ruth, Unknown, Aharon N. Varady

Each day between the beginning of Passover and Shavuot gets counted, 49 days in all, 7 weeks of seven days. That makes the omer period a miniature version of the Shmitah and Yovel (Jubilee) cycle of 7 cycles of seven years. Just as that cycle is one of resetting society’s clock to align ourselves with freedom and with the needs of the land, this cycle too is a chance to align ourselves with the rhythms of spring and the spiritual freedom represented by the Torah. . . .


מַעֲרִיב עֲרָבִים | Who Brings the Evenings, translated by Shim’on Menachem

Contributed by: Shim'on Menachem, Unknown

Forgiveness is woven into the pattern of existence. God of second chances, pathways of atonement. Help us awaken to Your listening presence, your understanding. Fill our hearts with Divine compassion! . . .


שבע ברכות | The Seven Blessings over a Wedding (interpretive translation by Aharon Varady)

Contributed by: Unknown, Aharon N. Varady (translation)

A translation of the Seven Blessings shared just in time for Shavuot, and in honor of several of my friend’s weddings. . . .


בִּרְכַּת הָאִילָנוֹת | The Blessing of Flowering Fruit Trees in the Spring Season in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres

Contributed by: Jacob Chatinover (translation), David Seidenberg, Unknown, Aharon N. Varady (translation), Isaac Gantwerk Mayer (translation)

When the spring (Aviv) season arrives, a blessing is traditionally said when one is in view of at least two flowering fruit trees. In the northern hemisphere, it can be said anytime through the end of the month of Nissan (though it can still be said in Iyar). For those who live in the southern hemisphere, the blessing can be said during the month of Tishrei. . . .


מִי שֶׁעָנָה…הוּא יַעֲנֵֽנוּ | Mi She’anah… Hu Ya’anenu — A Seliḥah for Yom Kippur (egal adaptation by Lisa Exler and Rabbi Julia Andelman, 2004)

Contributed by: Rabbi Julia Andelman, Lisa Exler, Unknown

This egalitarian adaptation of the Me she’Ana seliḥah for the season of Teshuvah was made by Julia Andelman and Lisa Exler in September 2004. . . .


תְּפִלָה לְאִשָׁה לְאָמְרָהּ לִפְנֵי שֶׁמְגַלַּחַת אֶת שַׁעֲרוֹת רֹאשָׁהּ | Prayer for a woman to say before her hair is shorn

Contributed by: Yahnatan Lasko (translation), Unknown, Aharon N. Varady (transcription)

A supplication of a woman cutting her hair as an act of tsanua, per a contemporary custom in many Ḥaredi communities. . . .


The path of the righteous man (הַדֶרֶךְ שֶׁל הַצָדִיק Ha-derekh shel ha-tsadiq) — from the film The Bodyguard (1976), adapted by Jules Winnfield in the film Pulp Fiction (1994)

Contributed by: Shmueli Gonzales (transcription), Aharon N. Varady (translation), Unknown

Tired of people who can’t tell their ḳiddish (blessings for the Sabbath) from their ḳaddish (prayer for the dead)? Well, it sets Samuel L. Jackson off too! But he found a way of making a bracha (blessing) and mourning the dead at the same time. Now I can’t vouch for the origins of his nusaḥ (custom) but it sounds very effective! Most people haven’t noticed, the only real part from the Bible is that last section, the first part is actually his own spiel: . . .


Kavvanah before eating or drinking on Yom Kippur for those who must eat for the safety of their life, as found in Torat ha-Yoledet (Rabbi Yitzchok Zilberstein 1983)

Contributed by: Yitzchok Zilberstein, Unknown, Aharon N. Varady (transcription)

This is a kavvanah (intention) for anyone in a desperate circumstance of needing to eat or drink for their mortal health, to do so with the full confidence that they are fulfilling a mitsvah required for them in the Torah, to preserve their life. The kavvanah was related by Rav Yitschok Zilberstein in his Toras haYoledes (1983), chapter 52, section 10, p. 357 (pp. 331-332 in the bilingual edition 1989), “הועתק ממחזור עתיק” (as “copied from an old maḥzor”). Unfortunately, we can’t provide a more direct reference to this maḥzor. If you know, please leave a comment or contact us. . . .