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Sometimes the best we can do in attributing a historical work is to indicate the period and place it was written, the first prayer book it may have been printed in, or the archival collection in which the manuscript was found. We invite the public to help to attribute all works to their original composers. If you know something not mentioned in the commentary offered, please leave a comment or contact us.

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Shearith Israel | ba'alei ḥayyim | ecoḥasid | in the merit of Raḥel | in the merit of Yitsḥaq | Mäṣḥäf Ḳədus | naḥshon ben aminadav | Neḥemyah | Noaḥide covenant | Nusaḥ Anglia | Nusaḥ Ashkenaz | nusaḥ baladi | Nusaḥ Cochin | Nusaḥ Comtat Venaissin | Nusaḥ Erets Yisrael | Nusaḥ Farsi | Nusaḥ Ha-Ari z"l | Nusaḥ Italḳi | Nusaḥ Roma | Nusaḥ Romaniote | Nusaḥ Sefaradi | Nusaḥ Šingli | Nusaḥ TsaHaL | Oḥilah la'El | paraliturgical birkat haḥodesh | paraliturgical teḥinot | petiḥah | prayers of ḳabbalists | prayers of the shaliaḥ tsibbur | pre-Pesaḥ | Psalms 1 | Raḥav | Rosh Ḥodesh Elul (אֶלוּל) | 2nd century B.C.E. | 2nd century C.E. | King Charles Ⅲ | King George Ⅱ | King William Ⅳ | Psalms 2 | Queen Elizabeth Ⅱ | World War Ⅰ | World War Ⅱ | 3rd century C.E. | 5th century C.E. | אברא כדברא abra k'davra | אדון הסליחות Adon haSeliḥot | אדון עולם Adon Olam | אדיר במלוכה Adir Bimlukhah | אדיר הוא Adir Hu | אהבה רבה ahavah rabbah | אהבת ישראל loving Yisrael | אהבת עולם ahavat olam | אושפיזין ushpizin | אושפיזתא Ushpizata | אז ישיר Az Yashir | אחד מי יודע eḥad mi yode'a | אין אדיר Ayn Adir | אין כאלהינו Ein kEloheinu | אלהינו שבשמים Elohenu Shebashamayim | אלהי נשמה Elohai neshamah | אליהו הנביא Eliyahu haNavi | אלי ציון Eli Tsiyon | אל אדון el adon | אל מלא רחמים El Malé Raḥamim | אל שמר El Shemor | אל תירא al tira | אמת ויציב emet v'yatsiv | אנא בכח Ana b'Khoaḥ | ארץ ישראל Erets Yisrael | אשמנו Ashamnu | אשרי Ashrei | אשת חיל eshet ḥayil | בהמות behemot | במה מדליקין bameh madliqin | בענטשן bentshn | בקשות Baqashot | ברוך שאמר barukh she'amar | ברית brit | ברכות השחר birkhot hashaḥar | ברכות brakhot | ברכת גאל ישראל birkat ga'al yisrael | ברכת הבית birkat habayit | ברכת המזון birkat hamazon | גלגול נפשות gilgul nefashot | געולה ge'ulah (redemption) | גשם geshem | דיינו Daiyenu | האל בתעצימות ha-El b'taatsumōt | ההיכלות ויורדי המרכבה haHeikhalot v'Yordei haMerkavah | הוצאת ספר תורה Removal of the Torah from the Ark | היום תאמצנו Hayom T'amtsenu | הכל יודוך hakol yodukha | הללו־יה hallelu-yah | המזבח the Mizbe'aḥ | המקבים Maccabees | המשכן the Mishkan | הנותן תשועה haNotén Teshuah | הנני hineni | הקפה ד׳ fourth haḳafah | השואה the Shoah | השכיבנו hashkivenu | ובמקהלות uvMaqhalot | ויברך דויד Vayivarekh David | וידוים viduyim | וידוי vidui | ונתנה תקף unetaneh toqef | זמירות zemirot | זמן תשובה Zman teshuvah | חבּ״ד ḤaBaD Lubavitch | חבקוק Ḥabaquq | חג הבנות Ḥag HaBanot | חד גדיא Ḥad Gadya | חזנות ḥazzanut | חסידים ḥassidim | חסידי אשכנז Ḥasidei Ashkenaz | חצי קדיש ḥatsi ḳaddish | חתימות ḥatimot (concluding prayers) | טהרה taharah | טל tal | יובל Yovel Jubilee | יוצר אור yotser ohr | יזכור yizkor | יחוד yiḥud | יצחק Yitsḥaq | ירושלם Jerusalem | ישראל Yisrael | ישתבח Yishtabaḥ | כבוד kavod | כוונות kavvanot | כפרות kaparot | לוח lu'aḥ | למנציח Lamnatse'aḥ | למענך l'maankha | מגילת אסתר Megillat Esther | מדינת ישראל Medinat Yisrael | מה נאכל בסעודה הזו mah nokhal baseudah hazo | מזמור Mizmor | מי שברך mi sheberakh | מי שענה Mi She’anah | מנחה Minḥah | מערבות maaravot | מעריב ערבים ma'ariv aravim | משיח Moshiaḥ | נח Noaḥ | נעילה‎ neilah | נרצה Nirtsah | נר תמיד ner tamid | נשמת כל חי Nishmat kol ḥai | סגולות segulot | סטרנורא Saturnalia | סליחות səliḥot | סנדלפון Sandalfon | ספירות sefirot | ספירת העומר sefirat haomer | ספר הפליאה Sefer haPeliah | ספר הקנה Sefer haQanah | ספר יצירה Sefer Yetsirah | עזרת אבותנו ezrat avotenu | עין הרע predatory gaze (ill will/evil eye) | עינוי Innui (self-affliction) | עלינו Aleinu | על הנסים al hanissim | על הראשונים al harishonim | על כן נקוה al ken n'qaveh | על נהרות בבל Al naharot Bavel | עמידה amidah | עננו anenu | פזמונים pizmonim | פיוטים piyyuṭim | פיקוח נפש piqoaḥ nefesh | פסוקי דזמרה pesuqei dezimrah | פרשת תולדת parashat Toldot | פרשת תרומה parashat Terumah | פתח אליהו Pataḥ Eliyahu | צדקה tsedaqah | צה״ל IDF | צור משלו Tsur Mishelo | צער באלי חיים tsa'ar baalei ḥayyim | קבלה ḳabbalah | קבלת שבת kabbalat shabbat | קדושה Qedushah | קדיש דרבנן Ḳaddish D'Rabanan | קדיש יתום Mourner's Ḳaddish | 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הַנּוֹתֵן תְּשׁוּעָה | Prayer for King George Ⅲ (1766)

Contributed by Isaac Pinto (translation) | Unknown | Aharon N. Varady (transcription) |

The prayer for King George III in the English colonies before the Revolutionary War. . . .


הַנּוֹתֵן תְּשׁוּעָה | The Prayer for the Safety of Kings, Princes and Commonwealths, presented by Menasseh ben Israel to Oliver Cromwell (1655)

Contributed by Menasseh ben Israel (translation) | Unknown | Aharon N. Varady (transcription) |

The text of Hanoten Teshua in its English translation as presented by Menasseh ben Israel to Oliver Cromwell in 1655. We have reconstructed the corresponding Hebrew from the S&P nusaḥ of the Jewish community in Amsterdam. . . .


רִבּוֹן הָעוֹלָמִים לֹא עַל־צִדְקוֹתֵֽינוּ | Ribon ha-Olamim, not in the merit of our righteousness — a variation from the Seder Tefilot of Maimonides, MS Constantinople 1509

Contributed by Moshe ben Maimon | Unknown | Aharon N. Varady (translation) |

A variation of the prayer Ribon ha-Olamim from the section of prayers preceding Psukei d’Zimrah/Zermirot. . . .


שיר הכבוד (אַנְעִים זְמִירוֹת)‏ | Shir haKavod (An’im Zemirot), part eight of the Shir haYiḥud (interpretive translation by Rabbi Zalman Schachter-Shalomi)

Contributed by Zalman Schachter-Shalomi (translation) | Unknown | Aharon N. Varady (transcription) |

A “praying translation” of the piyyut, Anim Zemirot. . . .


כִּי הִנֵּה כַּחֹֽמֶר | Ki Hineh Kaḥomer, rhymed translation by Alice Lucas (1898)

Contributed by Alice Lucas (translation) | Unknown | Aharon N. Varady (transcription) |

A rhyming translation of the pizmon for maariv on Yom Kippur. . . .


תפילת עזריה חנניה ומישאל בתוך הכבשן | The Prayer of Azaryah, Ḥananyah, and Mishael from within the Furnace, according to the Aramaic text of Divrei Yeraḥmiel (ca. 12th c.)

Contributed by Moses Gaster | Yeraḥmiel ben Shlomo | Unknown | Aharon N. Varady (transcription) |

The prayer of Azaryah and his song of praise with Ḥananyah, and Mishael from within the Furnace (also known as “the song of the three holy children”) found in Aramaic in the Divrei Yeraḥmiel (the Chronicles of Jeraḥmeel, Oxford Bodleian Heb d.11). . . .


💬 The Prayer of Azariah and the Song of the Three Holy Children, according to the Judeo-Aramaic text found in Divrei Yeraḥmiel, vocalized and cantillated, with a new English translation by Isaac Gantwerk Mayer

Contributed by Yeraḥmiel ben Shlomo | Unknown | Isaac Gantwerk Mayer (transcription & naqdanut) | Isaac Gantwerk Mayer (translation) |

The Prayer of Azariah and the Song of the Three Holy Children, one of the apocryphal Additions to Daniel, is an interpolation into the third chapter of the book of Daniel. The editor has here included a new vocalized and cantillated edition of the Aramaic text preserved in the 12th century Divrei Yeraḥmiel (Oxford Bodleian Heb d.11 transcribed by Rabbi Dr. Moses Gaster). The language of this passage is an odd synthesis of Targumic, pseudo-Biblical Aramaic, and even some Syriac forms, so the editor’s vocalization is aiming for a happy medium of all the possibilities. . . .


דָּנִיֵּאל וְהַתַּנִּין | Daniel vs. the Dragon, according to the Aramaic text of Divrei Yeraḥmiel (ca. 12th c.)

Contributed by Moses Gaster | Yeraḥmiel ben Shlomo | Unknown | Aharon N. Varady (transcription) |

The story of Daniel and the dragon held captive by the neo-Babylonians found in Aramaic in the Divrei Yeraḥmiel (the Chronicles of Jeraḥmeel, Oxford Bodleian Heb d.11). . . .


💬 דָּנִיֵּאל וְהַתַּנִּין | Daniel vs. the Dragon, according to the Judeo-Aramaic text found in Divrei Yeraḥmiel, vocalized and cantillated by Isaac Gantwerk Mayer

Contributed by Moses Gaster | Yeraḥmiel ben Shlomo | Unknown | Aharon N. Varady (transcription) | Isaac Gantwerk Mayer (translation) |

Daniel’s battle with the Dragon, one of the apocryphal Additions to Daniel, is affixed to the end of the book in the Septuagint. The editor has here included a new vocalized and cantillated edition of the Aramaic text preserved in the 12th century Divrei Yeraḥmiel (Oxford Bodleian Heb d.11 transcribed by Rabbi Dr. Moses Gaster). The language of this passage is an odd synthesis of Targumic, pseudo-Biblical Aramaic, and even some Syriac forms, so the editor’s vocalization is aiming for a happy medium of all the possibilities. (In several locations Divrei Yeraḥmiel uses incorrect Hebrew-specific forms, probably due to scribal error. These are here marked as a qere-ketiv split.) . . .


אֲדוֹן עוֹלָם (מנהג הספרדים במזרח)‏ | Adōn Olam, translation by Annie Kantar

Contributed by Annie Kantar (translation) | Unknown |

The piyyut, Adon Olam, in its expanded fifteen line variation, in Hebrew with English translation. . . .


אֲדוֹן עוֹלָם (מנהג הספרדים)‏ | Adōn Olam, rhyming translation by Rabbi David de Sola Pool (1937)

Contributed by David de Sola Pool | Unknown | Aharon N. Varady (transcription) |

A rhyming translation in English to the popular piyyut, Adon Olam. . . .


יוֹם הַבִּכּוּרִים | Yom ha-Bikkurim, the bikkur piyyut for the first day of Shavˁuot in the Old French and Romaniote Rites

Contributed by Unknown | Isaac Gantwerk Mayer (transcription & naqdanut) | Isaac Gantwerk Mayer (translation) |

A “bikkur” piyyut traditionally added at the end of Hashkivenu for Shavˁuot in the Old French (and Maḥzor Vitry) and Romaniote rites. From the acrostic we know the author was named Yosef ben Yaˁakov. Other than that we know very little about this poem’s origin and age, although its structure fits with the early Ashkenazi piyyut oeuvre. . . .


ברכה לפני קריאת תהלים | Blessing before the Recitation of Psalms (nusaḥ Erets Yisrael)

Contributed by Unknown | Isaac Gantwerk Mayer (transcription & naqdanut) | Isaac Gantwerk Mayer (translation) |

A blessing before the recitation of psalms, used in the old Eretz Yisrael rite as found in the Cairo Geniza. Since its structure is similar to the blessing before the haftara which is often cantillated, I have taken the liberty of adding psalmodic cantillation to the text. . . .


Blessing for the Reading of BaMeh Madliqin on Erev Shabbat (Cairo Geniza)

Contributed by Unknown | Isaac Gantwerk Mayer (transcription & naqdanut) | Isaac Gantwerk Mayer (translation) |

The custom of reciting BaMeh Madliqin, the second chapter of Mishnah Shabbat, on Friday nights probably originated as an anti-Karaite polemic. While the Karaites were opposed to any use of fire on Shabbat, rabbinic Jews kindle lights before Shabbat, and the recitation of BaMeh Madliqin — the laws of Shabbat lights — emphasized this distinction. One of the best firsthand sources we have for this is the following introductory blessing from the Cairo Genizah (T-S NS 299.150 verso) for the recitation of BaMeh Madliqin, first published by Naftali Wieder in this article. This blessing emphasizes the continuity of the Torah both written and oral from Sinai to the sages and elders. . . .


לְמַעַנְךָ וְלֹא לָנוּ | l’Maankha v’lo lanu (For your sake, not for ours), a piyyut by an unknown paytan (trans. Rabbi David Aaron de Sola, 1857)

Contributed by David de Aaron de Sola (translation) | Unknown | Aharon N. Varady (transcription) |

This translation by Rabbi David de Aaron de Sola of “Lema’ankha v’lo lanu” by an unknown paytan was first published in his Ancient Melodies of the Spanish and Portuguese Jews (1857). . . .


אִזֵל מֹשֶׁה | Izel Mosheh (Arise, Moses) — a piyyut for the Seder Meturgeman of the 7th Day of Pesaḥ

Contributed by Unknown | Isaac Gantwerk Mayer (transcription & naqdanut) | Isaac Gantwerk Mayer (translation) |

This piyyut, Izel Moshe (Arise, Moses), the fifth in a series of Aramaic piyyutim from the seventh day of Pesaḥ, is meant to be recited after the second verse of the song proper, as an elaboration on God’s strength. The English translation preserves the Hebrew acrostic of the original. . . .


אָב הָרַחֲמִים שׁוֹכֵן מְרוֹמִים | Av haRaḥamim Shokhein Meromim, a prayer for the martyred during the First Crusade & Rhineland massacres

Contributed by Unknown | Isaac Gantwerk Mayer (translation) |

A prayer for those martyred in the First Crusade and Rhineland Massacres, and by extension, all subsequent pogroms up until and including the Holocaust. . . .


קרובות למוסף שבת שקלים | Ḳerovot for Musaf Shabbat Sheqalim

Contributed by Unknown | Isaac Gantwerk Mayer (transcription & naqdanut) | Isaac Gantwerk Mayer (translation) |

The traditional Ashkenazi qerovot added to the Musaf repetition for Shabbat Sheqalim, alongside a new gender-neutral translation . . .


עֲקֵדַת יִצְחָק (מנהג הספרדים) | The invocation of Aqédat Yitsḥaq (the Binding of Isaac, Genesis 22:1-19) in the morning (minhag haSefaradim)

Contributed by Aharon N. Varady (transcription) | Aharon N. Varady (translation) | Unknown | the Mesorah (TaNaKh) | the Mesorah (Masoretic layer 'J') | the Mesorah (Masoretic kernel 'E') |

The prayers invoking the memory of the Aqeidat Yitsḥaq (Genesis 22:1-19) in the morning preparatory prayers in the liturgical custom of the Sefaradim. . . .


עֲקֵדַת יִצְחָק (אשכנז) | The invocation of Aqédat Yitsḥaq (the Binding of Isaac, Genesis 22:1-19) in the morning (nusaḥ Ashkenaz)

Contributed by Aharon N. Varady (transcription) | Aharon N. Varady (translation) | Unknown | the Mesorah (TaNaKh) | the Mesorah (Masoretic layer 'J') | the Mesorah (Masoretic kernel 'E') |

The prayers invoking the memory of the Aqeidat Yitsḥaq (Genesis 22:1-19) in the morning preparatory prayers in the liturgical custom of Ashkenaz. . . .