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Sometimes the best we can do in attributing a historical work is to indicate the period and place it was written, the first prayer book it may have been printed in, or the archival collection in which the manuscript was found. We invite the public to help to attribute all works to their original composers. If you know something not mentioned in the commentary offered, please leave a comment or contact us.

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Rosh Ḥodesh Adar (אַדָר) Alef & Bet | Addenda | Additional Fast Days | Additional Morning Prayers | Additional Preparatory Prayers | After the Aliyot | Minḥah | Aleinu | Weekday Amidah | Aqédat Yitsḥaq | 🌐 Armistice Day (November 11th) | Art & Craft | Arvit l'Shabbat | Asarah b'Tevet Readings | 🇦🇹 Austria | Rosh Ḥodesh Av (אָב) | Morning Baqashot | Barekh | Barkhu | Barukh she’Amar | Barukh Hashem l’Olam | Bedtime Shema | Before the Aliyot | Berakhot she'Asani | Berakhot sheNatani | Birkat Ahavah | Birkat Ahavah for Ma'ariv/Arvit | Birkat Ga'al Yisrael for Shaḥarit | Blessings After Eating | Birkhot haTorah | Birkonim (בענטשערס Bentshers) | Tehilim Book 5 (Psalms 107–150) | Tehilim Book 4 (Psalms 90–106) | Tehilim Book 1 (Psalms 1–41) | Tehilim Book 2 (Psalms 42–72) | Brit Milah & Simḥat Bat | 🇺🇸 National Brotherhood Week | Slavery & Captivity | Child care | Conflicts over Sovereignty and Dispossession | Congregation & Community | Contemplation | Counting Days | Davvening | Divrei Hayamim (Chronicles 1 & 2) | Dreaming | Drought & Wildfire | the Dry Season (Spring & Summer) | Dying | Earth, our Collective Home & Life-Support System | 🌐 Earth Day (22 April) | Elohai Neshamah | Rosh Ḥodesh Elul (אֶלוּל) | Epidemics & Pandemics | Erev Shabbat | Esther | Maariv Aravim | Extracanonical Megillot | Preparing one's face | Rosh haShanah la-Melakhim | 🇫🇷 France | Friday | Birkat Ga'al Yisrael for Ma'ariv/Arvit | Pogroms & Genocide | 🇩🇪 Germany | Government & Country | Pesaḥ Yamei Ḥag | Pesaḥ Readings | Ḥag haBanot (Eid el Benat) Readings | Hallel for Festivals & Rosh Ḥodesh | Hallel | Preparing one's hands | Ḥanukkah | Ḥanukkah Readings | Hashkivenu | Hekhalot Writings | 🌐 Holocaust Remembrance Day (January 27th) | Homes & Community Centers | Hoshana Rabba | 🇭🇺 Hungary | Immersion (Purification) | Imminent Communal Danger & Distress | Incantations, Adjurations, & Amulets | Incense and other Offerings | 🌐 International Women's Day (March 8th) | 🌐 International Workers' Day (May 1st) | 🇮🇪 Ireland | 🇮🇹 Italy | Rosh Ḥodesh Iyyar (אִיָּר) | Ḳaddish | Kaparōt | Ḳiddush Levanah | Rosh Ḥodesh Kislev (כִּסְלֵו) | Kristallnacht (9-10 November, 16 Marḥeshvan) | 🇺🇸 Labor Day (1st Monday of September) | Learning, Study, and School | Magid | Mah anu | Man-made Disasters | Rosh Ḥodesh Marḥeshvan (מַרְחֶשְׁוָן) | 🇮🇱 Medinat Yisra'el (the State of Israel) | Meteorological and Astronomical Observations | Midrash Aggadah | Midrash Halakhah | Military Personnel & Veterans | Mishlei (Proverbs) | 🇺🇸 Mother's Day (2nd Sunday of May) | Motsei Shabbat | Mourning | Mussar (Ethical Teachings) | 🇳🇱 the Netherlands | Nirtsah | Rosh Ḥodesh Nisan (נִיסָן) | Nittel Nacht Readings | Parashat b'Shalaḥ | Parashat Yitro | Haggadot for the Seder Leil Pesaḥ | Personal & Paraliturgical collections of prayers | Pesaḥ | 7th Day of Pesaḥ | Phonaesthetics | 🇵🇹 Portugal | Conception, Pregnancy, and Childbirth | Psalm of the Day | Psalms 146 | Psalms 147 | Psalms 148 | Psalms 149 | Psalms 150 | Psuqei d'Zimrah/Zemirot l'Shabbat ul'Yom Tov | Purim | Purim Readings | Purim Sheni Readings | Ḳabbalat Shabbat | Ḳadesh | Qedushah | Qorbanot | 🇺🇸 Days of Remembrance of the Victims of the Holocaust | Repenting, Resetting, and Reconciliation | Rosh haShanah (l’Maaseh Bereshit) | Rosh haShanah la-Behemah | Rosh haShanah la-Behemah Readings | Tu biShvat Readings | Rosh haShanah Readings | Rosh Ḥodesh | Rosh Ḥodesh Readings | 🇷🇺 Russia | Saturday | Second Temple Period | Seder al-Tawḥid | Seder intro | Sefer Yetsirah | Sefirat ha-Omer | Sefirat ha-Omer Readings | Se'udah haShlishit | Se'udat Leil Shabbat | Se'udat Yom Shabbat | Shabbat | Shabbat haGadol | Shabbat Məvorkhim | Minḥah l'Shabbat | Musaf l'Shabbat | Shabbat Readings | Shaḥarit l'Shabbat ul'Yom Tov | Shabbat Siddurim | Social Justice, Peace, and Liberty | Shavuot | Shavuot Readings | Shemini Atseret | Rosh Ḥodesh Shəvat (שְׁבָט) | Shir haShirim (the Song of Songs, Canticles) | Shirat ha-Yam | Shiv'ah Asar b'Tamuz | Shiv'ah b'Adar | Shiv'ah b'Adar Readings | Sigd Festival | Simḥat Torah | Rosh Ḥodesh Sivan (סִיוָן) | Khaf Sivan | Dangerous Storms & Floods | Torah Study | Sukkot | Ta'anit Esther | 🤦︎ Taḥanun (Nefilat Apayim) | Taking a life | Rosh Ḥodesh Tammuz (תַּמּוּז) | Terror | Rosh Ḥodesh Tevet (טֵבֵת) | Theurgy | Tiqqunei Zohar | Tishah b'Av | Rosh Ḥodesh Tishrei (תִּשְׁרֵי) | Travel | 🇬🇧 United Kingdom | 🇺🇸 United States of America | Vayivarekh David | War | Engagements & Weddings | Wednesday | Well-being, health, and caregiving | the Wet Season (Fall & Winter) | Labor, Fulfillment, and Parnasah | Yaḥats | Yehi Kh’vod | Yishtabaḥ Shimkha | 🇮🇱 Yom ha-Ém (30 Shəvat) | Yom haḲeshet (Day of the Rainbow, 27 Iyyar) | 🇮🇱 Yom haShoah (27 Nisan) | 🇮🇱 Yom haZikaron | Yom Kippur | Yom Meturgeman | Yom Niqanor Readings | Yotser Or

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100 blessings a day | 17 Shəvat | 2023-2024 Israel–Hamas war | 28 Adar | 42 letter divine name | a red ribbon | ABAB rhyming scheme | Abayudaya Jews | abbreviated alternative formulas | ABCB rhyming scheme | abduction | אברא כדברא abra k'davra | acrostic | Acrostic signature | phonetic alphabetic acrostic translation | addenda | אדיר במלוכה Adir Bimlukhah | אדיר הוא Adir Hu | אדון הסליחות Adon haSeliḥot | אדון עולם Adon Olam | אהבה רבה ahavah rabbah | אהבת עולם ahavat olam | air | air travel | Akkadian | על הנסים al hanissim | על הראשונים al harishonim | על כן נקוה al ken n'qaveh | על נהרות בבל Al naharot Bavel | אל תירא al tira | Alef b'Elul | עלינו Aleinu | Aleph-Bet | Algiers | Alphabetic Acrostic | alphabetic mesostic | alternate timeline | American Jewry of the United States | עמידה amidah | Amoraic prayers | amulet bowls | קמעות qame'ot (amulets) | אנא בכח Ana b'Khoaḥ | political and religious anarchism | anatomical | עננו anenu | Angelic Nature | Angelic Protection | angelology | Angels | Angels as advocates | Angels of Healing | animal protection | animal welfare | animals | anti-feminist | anti-karaite | anti-predatory | anti-soporific | Antiquity | anxiety | apocryphal psalms | apotropaic prayers of protection | apotropaic rituals of protection | apprehension | Aquarius | Arabic translation | Aramaic | Aramaic translation | Arba Kehillot | Areinfirenish | Aries | ascent | ascetic practice | אשמנו Ashamnu | Asher | Ashkenaz | Ashmodai | אשרי Ashrei | Asiatic Cholera | Asiyah | Assyrian Neo-Aramaic (Suret) | Astrological | Atah Hu | atonement | authority vs. integrity | Avignon | Avot and Imahot | Avraham Avinu | אין אדיר Ayn Adir | אז ישיר Az Yashir | ba'alei ḥayyim | Babylonian | Baghdad | balance | במה מדליקין bameh madliqin | בקשות Baqashot | Bar Kochba Rebellion | Baraqon | Barkhi Nafshi | barley | ברוך שאמר barukh she'amar | Before Sleep | בהמות behemot | Bendigamos | Bene Israel | בענטשן bentshn | Beta Esrael | bigotry | bikkurim | Bilhah | Binginot | Binyamin | birds | ברכת גאל ישראל birkat ga'al yisrael | ברכת הבית birkat habayit | ברכת המזון birkat hamazon | ברכות השחר birkhot hashaḥar | bitul neshama | blessings | blessings following the shema | blessings prior to the shema | Body as Cosmos | ברכות brakhot | Bratislava | Break Fasts | breastfeeding | Breath | breathing | ברית brit | brit milah | British Commonwealth | British Empire | British Jewry | British Monarchy | Bukharan Jewry | Bukhori | burial service | Byzantine Empire | Byzantium | Cairo Geniza | calendar announcements | call to prayer | candle lighting | cantillated liturgy | Capricorn | captive animals | captives | Carpentras | cemetery prayers | centos | challenge | Charles Louis Napoléon Bonaparte | child mortality | childbirth | childhood illness | childlessness | children | Children of Avraham | children's education | Chinese translation | Chmielnicki massacres of 1648–1649 | Chronicles | circle drawing | circumcision | Classical Antiquity | Classical Reform | Closing Prayers | cold iron | Colonialism | colonization | combating anti-Jewish oppression | commencement | communal confession | conception | confession | Constitutional Monarchy | constructed languages | Coronation | cosmogony | cosmological | cosmology | counting | counting songs | creation | creeping creatures | Crimean Tatar | Crown | Crowning | Curaçao | cyclical | Daily Hallel | dairy foods | דיינו Daiyenu | dancing | danger | Daniel | Darija | Dawn | Decalogue | dedications and consecrations | derivative work | deuterocanonical works | devotional interpretation | diaspora | diplomacy | Distress | Divine name acrostic | Divrei Hayamim | Djerba | domesticated animals | dominion | dragons | dreams | Droit du seigneur | drought conditions | Dutch Jewry | Early Ammoraic | early first-millennium CE | early Judaism | Early Medieval | Early Middle Ages | Early Religious Zionist | earth pledges | eating animals | eco-conscious | eco-feminism | ecoḥasid | economic distress | education | egalitarian | Egyptian | Egyptian Jewry | אחד מי יודע eḥad mi yode'a | אין כאלהינו Ein kEloheinu | אל אדון el adon | אל מלא רחמים El Malé Raḥamim | אל שמר El Shemor | אלי ציון Eli Tsiyon | אליהו הנביא Eliyahu haNavi | אלהי נשמה Elohai neshamah | אלהינו שבשמים Elohenu Shebashamayim | Emancipation | אמת ויציב emet v'yatsiv | England | English piyyutim | English poetry | English Romanticism | English Translation | English vernacular prayer | entering | entering magical territory | entification | epical narrative as ward | Epidemic | epithalamion | epizootic contagion | ארץ ישראל Erets Yisrael | eros | eschaton | אשת חיל eshet ḥayil | esoteric Judaism | Esperanto translation | Ethiopian Jewry | Ethiopic translation | evening | עין הרע predatory gaze (ill will/evil eye) | expiation | עזרת אבותנו ezrat avotenu | fasting | fertility | fire | First Crusade | first experiences | First French Empire | first fruits | first person | First Temple Period | Five Megillot | flash floods | Floods | flying | food | Four Questions | four worlds | הקפה ד׳ fourth haḳafah | Frankfurt am Main | Franklin Delano Roosevelt | free translation | French Empire | French Jewry | Friday | Full Hallel | fundamental principles of rabbinic judaism | Fürth | Fustat | Game of Thrones | Gemini | gender expression | gender roles | geonic period | Geonic prayers | German Empire | German Jewry | German Reform Movement | German translation | German vernacular prayer | גשם geshem | גלגול נפשות gilgul nefashot | Global War on Terrorism (GWOT) | Gothic translation | graduation | Grand Sanhedrin | Gratitude | Great Britain | Grief | growing | growth | Guaraní translation | gut vokh | חבּ״ד ḤaBaD Lubavitch | חבקוק Ḥabaquq | חד גדיא Ḥad Gadya | האל בתעצימות ha-El b'taatsumōt | חג הבנות Ḥag HaBanot | haggadah supplements | ההיכלות ויורדי המרכבה haHeikhalot v'Yordei haMerkavah | hair | hair-cutting | Haketía | הכל יודוך hakol yodukha | Hallelu | הללו־יה hallelu-yah | Haman | הנותן תשועה haNotén Teshuah | harvest loss | השכיבנו hashkivenu | חסידי אשכנז Ḥasidei Ashkenaz | Ḥasidic | חסידים ḥassidim | חתימות ḥatimot (concluding prayers) | חצי קדיש ḥatsi ḳaddish | היום תאמצנו Hayom T'amtsenu | ḥayot | hazon et hakol | חזנות ḥazzanut | Healing | Hebrew translation | heikhalot literature | Hekhalot | Hermes Trismegistus | heroic women | High-Elven | High Middle Ages | Himyar | הנני hineni | historiola | Holy Roman Empire | Homo Signorum | human stampedes and crowd crushes | hymns | hymns of creation | iconoclastic | צה״ל IDF | immersion | in the merit of martyrs | in the merit of Matatiyah | In the merit of Miriam | In the merit of Moshe Rabbeinu | in the merit of our ancestors | in the merit of Raḥel | in the merit of Yitsḥaq | in the merit of Yosef | incantation | Indigenous Peoples | infants | עינוי Innui (self-affliction) | interpretive translation | invisible sun | Irish vernacular | Irish War of Independence | iron in folklore | Israel | Italian Jewry | Italian translation | Italian vernacular prayer | Italian War of Independence | Izmir | ירושלם Jerusalem | Jewish Antiquities | Jewish burial | Jewish-Christian relations | Jewish Renewal | Jewish Women's Prayers | Jews of India | Judaean Desert Scrolls | Judeo-Arabic | Judeo-Berber | Judeo-Georgian | Judeo-Greek | Judeo-Provençal | Judeo-Spanish | Judeo-Tajik | Judeo-Tamaziɣt | Judeo-Tunisian | Judezmo | judgement | Judith | Ḳ.Ḳ. Shearith Israel | קבלת שבת kabbalat shabbat | קדיש ḳaddish | קדיש דרבנן Ḳaddish D'Rabanan | קדיש שלם Ḳaddish shalem | קדיש יתום Mourner's Ḳaddish | Kaifeng | קלנדס Ḳalends | קמעות ḳame'ot | כפרות kaparot | Kavkazi Jewry | כבוד kavod | כוונות kavvanot | קרובות ḳerovot | Keter | kheyder | קידוש ḳiddush | kindling | King Charles Ⅲ | King George Ⅱ | King William Ⅳ | Kohelet | kol nidrei | Krymchak | Kurdish Jewry | Kurdistan | L.L. Zamenhoff | labor exploitation | labyrinth | Ladino Translation | Ladino vernacular prayer | למנציח Lamnatse'aḥ | lamp lighting | Late Antiquity | Late Bronze Age | Late Tannaitic | Latin translation | Latin vernacular | Leah | leket psukim | Leopold I | liberation | Life of David HaMelekh | lip service | Liturgical customs of Kabbalists | Livorno | למענך l'maankha | local communal deliverance commemorations | logos | L'Olam Yehei Adam | lonely man of faith | love | love your fellow as yourself | אהבת ישראל loving Yisrael | לוח lu'aḥ | Luganda translation | Lurianic Kabbalah | מערבות maaravot | מעריב ערבים ma'ariv aravim | Maccabean Revolt | המקבים Maccabees | macranthropy | Mafteah Shlomo | Maghrebi Jewry | Magic | magical recipes | מה נאכל בסעודה הזו mah nokhal baseudah hazo | Man of Signs | Manna | Marathi vernacular prayer | marriage | martyrdom | Masekhet Soferim | Mäṣḥäf Ḳədus | Mazal Aqrav | Mazal Dagim | Mazal D'li | Mazal G'di | MAZAL QESHET | Mazal Shor | Mazal Taleh | Mazal Teomim | medieval megillot | מדינת ישראל Medinat Yisrael | Megillat Antiokhus | מגילת אסתר Megillat Esther | Megillat Yehudit | Memorial prayers | men | mesostic | Metz | מי שענה Mi She’anah | מי שברך mi sheberakh | microcosm | microcosmism | mid-first millennium CE | Middle-Earth | Middle Egyptian | Midrash HaGadol | military | Minhag Aleppo Musta'arabi | מנחה Minḥah | Miriam | Miriam's well | מזמור Mizmor | Monday | Mordekhai | Morocco | Mosheh Rabbenu | משיח Moshiaḥ | mourning | Mourning this Broken World | Musaf Rosh Hashanah | Musaf Yom Kippur | music making | mysterious fish | mythical feasts | mytho-historical chronicles | naḥshon ben aminadav | Naphtali | Napoleon Bonaparte | national anthems | Na'vi translation | Needing Translation (into Arabic) | Needing Attribution | Needing citation references | Needing Translation (into English) | Needing Source Images | Needing Proofreading | Needing Transcription | Needing Vocalization | Neḥemyah | ne'ila | נעילה‎ neilah | Neo-Aramaic | neo-lurianic | נר תמיד ner tamid | neshamah | Netherlandish Jewry | Netherlands | new moon | New York | night | נרצה Nirtsah | נשמת כל חי Nishmat kol ḥai | nisuin | נח Noaḥ | Noaḥide covenant | non-dual theology | North America | North American Conference on Ethiopian Jewry | North American Jewry | Nusaḥ Anglia | Nusaḥ Ashkenaz | nusaḥ baladi | Nusaḥ Cochin | Nusaḥ Comtat Venaissin | Nusaḥ Erets Yisrael | Nusaḥ Farsi | Nusaḥ Ha-Ari z"l | Nusaḥ Italḳi | Nusaḥ Roma | Nusaḥ Romaniote | Nusaḥ Sefaradi | Nusaḥ Šingli | Nusaḥ TsaHaL | ocean | ohev amo | Oḥilah la'El | Old English translation | Old Norse translation | Oliver Cromwell | Opening Prayers | oral torah | origin stories | otiyot | Ottoman Egypt | Ottoman Empire | Pandemic | Papiamentu translation | parabiblical aggadah | Paraguay | paraliturgical | paraliturgical birkat haḥodesh | paraliturgical birkat hamazon | paraliturgical hanoten teshuah | paraliturgical hashkivenu | Paraliturgical Prayer for the New Month | paraliturgical psalms 100 | paraliturgical teḥinot | parenting | parody | Partial Hallel | particularism and universalism | פתח אליהו Pataḥ Eliyahu | peace | Pedagogical songs | People's Crusade | performing mitsvot | פסוקי דזמרה pesuqei dezimrah | petiḥah | Openers | Philadelphia | physical labor | פיקוח נפש piqoaḥ nefesh | Pisces | the pitom of the etrog | פיוטים piyyuṭim | פזמונים pizmonim | Pogroms in Ukraine 1918-1924 | polemic | Polish vernacular prayer | polyglot | Pope Benedict XIV | Portuguese Jewry | Portuguese translation | post-Temple animal slaughter | Poszony | Prague | שבח praise | Prayer by Proxy | Prayers after meals | תפילות קודם התפילה Prayers before Praying | Prayers before Torah Study | prayers concerning children | prayers following pogroms | Prayers on behalf of children | Prayers for leaders | prayers for mothers | Prayers for Precipitation | prayers for pregnant women | prayers for the road | prayers for the way | Prayers in Film | Prayers in the Babylonian Talmud | Prayers of Freemasons | prayers of orphans | Prayers of Primary Caregivers | prayers of ḳabbalists | Prayers of redress | prayers of the shaliaḥ tsibbur | pre-Pesaḥ | pre-rabbinic judaism | predation | predatory gaze | pregnancy | preparation | Pressburg | Private Amidah | Private Prayer | Problematic prayers | prophetic revelation | prophylactic | prostration | protection | Psalm of the Day | תהלים Psalms | Psalms 1 | Psalms 10 | Psalms 100 | Psalms 104 | Psalms 107 | Psalms 111 | Psalms 112 | Psalms 122 | Psalms 126 | Psalms 145 | Psalms 146 | Psalms 147 | Psalms 148 | Psalms 149 | Psalms 150 | Psalms 151 | Psalms 2 | Psalms 67 | Psalms 92 | Psalms 93 | Psalms 94 | Psalms 95 | Psalms 96 | Psalms 97 | Psalms 98 | Psalms 99 | Psalmsploitation | Psukei Dezimra | Public Amidah | קבלה ḳabbalah | קדושה Qedushah | קפיצת הדרך ḳfitsat haderekh | קינות Ḳinōt | Queen Elizabeth Ⅱ | Queen Esther | Queen Victoria | Queens | Quenya translation | Raḥav | רחל Raḥel | Rain | Rainbow Day | rainfall | rebuke | reconstructed text | געולה ge'ulah (redemption) | redemptive almsgiving | Reform Jewry | reincarnation | religious school | remixed biblical verse | הוצאת ספר תורה Removal of the Torah from the Ark | Renewal | רשות reshut | resistance | REUVEN | Revolutions of 1917–1923 | Rhineland Massacres | rhyming translation | רבון העולמים Ribon haOlamim | ritual power | ritual purity | role models | Roman minhag | Romaniote | romanticism | Rosh Ḥodesh Elul (אֶלוּל) | Russian Empire | Ruth | Sabaic translation | salvation | סנדלפון Sandalfon | Without a Minyan | סטרנורא Saturnalia | school | school of the ARI z"l | Scorpio | second Purims | Second Reich | Second Temple Period | ספר הפליאה Sefer haPeliah | ספר הקנה Sefer haQanah | ספר יצירה Sefer Yetsirah | ספירת העומר sefirat haomer | ספירות sefirot | סגולות segulot | Seleucid Greek Occupation | self-discipline | self-sacrifice | סליחות səliḥot | sexual predation | sexual violence | שבת shabbat | שבת הגדול Shabbat haGadol | שבת מבורכים shabbat mevorkhim | שבת נחמו Shabbat Naḥamu | פרשת תרומה parashat Terumah | פרשת תולדת parashat Toldot | שבת שקלים Shabbat Sh'qalim | שבת שירה shabbat shirah | shalmah | שלום עליכם shalom aleikhem | shamanic praxis | שבועות Shavuot | שכינה Shekhinah | שמע shemaŋ | שבע ברכות sheva brakhot | Shevet Issachar | Shevet Yehudah | שדים sheydim | שיר Shir | שיר הכבוד shir hakavod | שיר היחוד Shir haYiḥud | שיר של יום Shir Shel Yom | שירת הים Shirat haYam | שוכן עד shokhen ad | singing translation | sleep | socialism | Solo | Song of Ice and Fire | Song of the Sea | soporifics | South Carolina | Spanish-Portuguese | Spanish Translation | speech acts | spirituals | Spring | stars | stimulant | Sunday | Synagogues | Tabernacle | תחנונים taḥanunim | טהרה taharah | טל tal | talmud torah | Tannaitic | Tannaitic prayers | תרגום targum | תשלומים tashlumim | Taurus | תענו ותעתרו Tayanu v'tayatru | תפילת הדרך tefilat haderekh | תפלין tefillin | תחינות teḥinot | thankfulness | thanksgiving | the first month | the Furnace | the higher the fewer | the Holocaust | THE HUNTER | the KA | המשכן the Mishkan | המזבח the Mizbe'aḥ | the moon | the Netherlands | the Pit | the Rainbow | the second month | השואה the Shoah | the Throne | theophany | Third Reich | Thursday | tithing | תחינות tkhines | Tobit | תוכחות tokheḥot | tombstones | Torah as intercessor | traditional egalitarian | trave | travel by water | traveler | Trees | trepidation | Tribe of Dan | צער באלי חיים tsa'ar baalei ḥayyim | Tsar Alexander II | Tsar Nicholas II | צדקה tsedaqah | צור משלו Tsur Mishelo | Tuesday | Tunisia | Twins | Uganda | Ugaritic translation | ונתנה תקף unetaneh toqef | United States | Universal Peace | universalist | universalist prayers | Uriel | אושפיזתא Ushpizata | אושפיזין ushpizin | ובמקהלות uvMaqhalot | Valyrian translation | ויברך דויד Vayivarekh David | vengeance | via negativa | וידוי vidui | וידוים viduyim | Vilna | waking | walled cities | watchfulness | weaning | wedding blessings | Wednesday | Western 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מַעֲרִיב עֲרָבִים | Maariv Aravim, translated by Rabbi Zalman Schachter-Shalomi

Contributed by: Zalman Schachter-Shalomi (translation), Unknown, Aharon N. Varady (transcription)

Rabbi Zalman Schachter-Shalomi, z”l, included his translation of the blessing preceding the Shema in the evening “Maariv Aravim” in his Siddur Tehillat Hashem Yidaber Pi (2009). . . .


מַעֲרִיב עֲרָבִים | Ma’ariv Aravim, translation by Rabbi Levi Weiman-Kelman & Shaul Vardi

Contributed by: Shaul Vardi (translation), Levi Weiman-Kelman (translation), Unknown

The first evening blessing before the recitation of the Shema in Hebrew with English translation . . .


אֱמֶת וְיַצִּיב | 真实且确定 | Emet v’Yatsiv (Zhēnshí qiě quèdìng) and Al haRishonim (Duìyú dì yī gè) — Chinese translation by Richard Collis (2022)

Contributed by: Richard Collis (translation), Unknown, Aharon N. Varady (transcription)

This Chinese translation of the prayers “Emet v’Yatsiv” and “Al haRishonim” commencing the Geulah blessing immediately following the Shema in Shaḥarit is found on pages 16-17 of the liner notes for the Chinese edition of Richard Collis’s album We Sing We Stay Together: Shabbat Morning Service Prayers (Wǒmen gēchàng, wǒmen xiāngjù — Ānxírì chén dǎo qídǎo). . . .


עֶזְרַת אֲבוֹתֵינוּ | 我们祖先的助手 | Ezrat Avoteinu (Wǒmen zǔxiān de zhùshǒu) — Chinese translation by Richard Collis (2022)

Contributed by: Richard Collis (translation), Unknown, Aharon N. Varady (transcription)

This Chinese translation of the prayer “Ezrat Avotenu,” completing the Geulah blessing following the Shema, is found on pages 18-19 of the liner notes for the Chinese edition of Richard Collis’s album We Sing We Stay Together: Shabbat Morning Service Prayers (Wǒmen gēchàng, wǒmen xiāngjù — Ānxírì chén dǎo qídǎo). . . .


הַשְׁכִּיבֵנוּ | Hashkivenu, interpretive translation by Rabbi Zalman Schachter-Shalomi

Contributed by: Zalman Schachter-Shalomi (translation), Aharon N. Varady (transcription), Unknown

The Hashkivenu prayer of Rabbi Zalman Schachter-Shalomi. . . .


הַשְׁכִּיבֵנוּ | Hashkivenu, rhymed translation by Alice Lucas (1898)

Contributed by: Alice Lucas (translation), Unknown, Aharon N. Varady (transcription)

A rhyming translation of the evening prayer Hashkivenu. . . .


עמידה לשחרית שבת (אשכנז) | Amidah for Shabbat Morning — Chinese translation by Richard Collis (2022)

Contributed by: Richard Collis (translation), Unknown, Aharon N. Varady (transcription)

This Chinese translation of the Shaḥarit Amidah for Shabbat is found on pages 20-27 of the liner notes for the Chinese edition of Richard Collis’s album We Sing We Stay Together: Shabbat Morning Service Prayers (Wǒmen gēchàng, wǒmen xiāngjù — Ānxírì chén dǎo qídǎo). . . .


עמידה | Another version of the Weekday Amidah, by Rabbi Zalman Schachter-Shalomi

Contributed by: Zalman Schachter-Shalomi, Unknown, Aharon N. Varady (transcription)

A version of the weekday Amiday by Rabbi Zalman Schachter-Shalomi emphasizing personal prayer, set side-by-side with a Sefaradi text of the Amidah. . . .


תחנון | Taḥanun, translated by Rabbi Zalman Schachter-Shalomi

Contributed by: Zalman Schachter-Shalomi (translation), Unknown

My God! my soul is Yours my body is Your servant, take pity on what You have created; my soul is Yours and my body is Yours, God help us for Your sake. We come to You because we want to honor Your reputation. Help us in our moral struggle for the sake of Your reputation; because You are kind and compassionate. Forgive us, for there is so much we need to be forgiven for. . . .


תפילת הדרך | Tefilat haDerekh, a traveler’s prayer for safety and peace (trans. Rabbi David Seidenberg, neohasid·org)

Contributed by: David Seidenberg (translation), Neohasid·org, Unknown

In this Tefilat haDerekh (the prayer for travel), I’ve made a synthesis of Ashkenazi and Sefardi nusaḥ. Even though the translation is pretty close to literal in most places, it comes across as an extraordinary and activist prayer for peace. So I think of this prayer not just as a prayer for the beginning a physical journey, but for any spiritual journey, and especially for any campaign or action for justice and peace that a person or group might undertake. When applied to activism, the “enmity and ambush and theft and predation” we ask to be rescued from could also be interpreted as hatred, deceit, jealousy, and aggression, i.e., the kinds of feelings that cause people to work against each other, even within an organization, instead of working together. I first used this version of the prayer at the beginning of a tour of Israel and Palestine focused on the human rights and non-violent resistance, when the group passed through the first checkpoint of the trip. . . .


סֵדֶר קִדּוּשׁ לְבָנָה ☽ Ḳiddush Levanah: Sanctification of the Moon (Rabbi David Seidenberg, neohasid·org)

Contributed by: David Seidenberg (translation), Neohasid·org, Unknown

In Ḳabbalistic tradition, the new moon is sanctified seven days after its appearance, under a clear sky, standing facing east. It may be said as early as three days after the new moon, and as late as a day before the full moon (the moon should still be visibly waxing). It is the custom in the month of Av to wait to sanctify the moon until after Tisha b’Av, and in Tishrei to wait until after Yom Kippur. In a minyan, the Aleinu prayer and ḳaddish are traditionally added at the end. . . .


Mäṣḥäf Ḳədus 6:15-22 | ספר היובלים ו:טו-כב (Sefer haYovelim 6:15-22) — A Reading from Jubilees for Shavuot

Contributed by: Unknown, Isaac Gantwerk Mayer (transcription & naqdanut), Isaac Gantwerk Mayer (translation)

A reading from Jubilees (Sefer haYovelim) 6:15-22, including the text of the Mäṣḥäf Ḳədus (the Ge’ez translation of Jubilees) and original cantillated Hebrew and gender-neutral English translations, for Shavuot. Jubilees is considered to be the earliest source connecting Shavuot with the Sinaitic covenant, and emphasizes the latter as a fulfillment of the Noaḥide covenant (in the narrative of Noaḥ) that had only been maintained through the lineage of Abraham. . . .


ספר היובלים | መጽሐፈ ኩፋሌ | Sefer haYovelim (the book of Jubilees, in Ge’ez)

Contributed by: Unknown

We are grateful to Dr. James VanderKam for preparing this critical text of the Book of Jubilees (Sefer Yubalim) in its Ge’ez translation in Ethiopic script. The book of Jubilees is an early Jewish deutero-canonical text originally written in Hebrew and composed during the Second Temple period sometime before the Maccabean struggle (164 BCE). . . .


💬 מעשה טוביה ליום שני של שבועות | The Story of Toḇiyah for the second day of Shavuot

Contributed by: Moses Gaster, Unknown, Aharon N. Varady (transcription), Isaac Gantwerk Mayer (translation)

The story of Toviah (Tobit) in Hebrew translation, in an abridged version arranged for public reading on the second day of Shavuot. . . .


בִּרְכַּת נְטִילַת יָדָֽיִם | Blessing on preparing one’s hands for wakefulness and other holy activities (translation by Aharon Varady)

Contributed by: Aharon N. Varady (transcription), Aharon N. Varady (translation), Unknown

The blessing upon preparing one’s hands for attaining a state of ritual purity before a sacred activity. . . .


שירת הים | Shirat haYam, recitation for a day with a circumcision according to Seder Avodat Yisrael (1868)

Contributed by: Isaac Gantwerk Mayer (translation), Unknown

According to Isaac Seligman Baer’s famed Seder Avodat Yisrael, one of the first scholarly siddurim critical editions ever published, there was a custom that on the day of a circumcision, the P’sukei d-Zimra reading of Shirat haYam along with a portion of its introduction would be recited aloud as a call and response by the mohel (circumcizer) and sandaḳ (godfather). Baer’s division of the verses (from Seder Avodat Yisrael, pp. 72-74) is included here, along with a new translation. . . .


תהלים א׳ בלשון לאדינו | Psalms 1 in Ladino (Estampado por Ǧ. Griffit, ca. 1852/3)

Contributed by: Unknown, Estampado por Ǧ. Griffit, Aharon N. Varady (transcription)

To the best of my ability, this is a faithful transcription of Psalms 1 from תהילים או לוס סאלמוס ; טריסלאד’אד’וס דיל לשון הקדש אין לה לינגואה ספרדית (Tehillim, or the Psalms, translated from the Holy language [Hebrew] into the Sephardic language, Estampado por Ǧ. Griffit 1852/3) from a digital copy made available by the Sephardic Studies Collection at the University of Washington. Please join me in making a complete transcription of this Ladino translation of Psalms. –Aharon N. Varady . . .


תהלים א׳ בלשון ספרדית | Psalms 1 in Spanish (trans. Rabbi Yahakob Yehuda, Leon Hebréo 1671)

Contributed by: Rabbi Jacob Jehudah Leão (translation), Unknown, Aharon N. Varady (transcription)

Autor ninguno se halla, que declare el tiempo en que David compuso este Psalmo; ni la causa de haverlo introduzido por primero: mas amiver, es, que conociendo David que la razon de haver Dios rebotado de su gracia a Saul, y haverlo elegido ael en su lugar, havia sido por transgredir su mandado en la guerra de Ha-malek, por las persuasiones, y confejos de los inicos de su pueblo; como el mismo confessó al Propheta Semuel: por esso, quiso David dar’principio àfu Libro, con un loor que sirviesse de dotrina, y de advertimiento dela felicidad que alcançan los fieles siervos de Dios, que andan con toda integridad en fus carreras de virtud, y las adversdades, y castigo que estáparalos infieles, y los inicos aparejado, por los justos juyzios de Dios, del modo que sucedió a Saul, que fue desposseido de su Reyno, el, y sus hijos, y todos sus defendientes parasiempre, por los consejos de que el, se dexó persuadir, donde Dios le declaró su castigo. . . .


תהלים ב׳ בלשון ספרדית | Psalms 2 in Spanish (trans. Rabbi Yahakob Yehuda, Leon Hebréo 1671)

Contributed by: Rabbi Jacob Jehudah Leão (translation), Unknown, Aharon N. Varady (transcription)

Este Psalmo, es el segundo en numero, por haverlo David en el principio de su Reyno, quando por oir las naciones circunvezinas, que lo havian ungido por Rey sobre Israël, vinieron todos juntos al desafio contra el, en compañia de los Philisteos sus capitales enemigos, y por esso comiença el Psalmo: Paraque se juntan las gentesy, etc. De suerte que assi como el Psalmo precedente, fue el primero por la donacion del Reyno, que Dios le hizo, assi este segundo fue adjunto a el, por la possession del Reyno que entonces tomava, suyetando con la divina assistencia las naciones, pues le embiava de los Cielos, su favor por medio de los Angeles sus ministros, como consta de Semuel Segundo, 5:24. . . .


תהלים ב׳ בלשון ײִדיש | Psalms 2 in Yiddish (translated by Yehoyesh Shloyme Blumgarten ca. 1920s)

Contributed by: Yehoyesh Shloyme Blumgarten (translation), Unknown, The Yehoyesh Project (transcription)

This is a faithful transcription by the Yehoyesh Project of the Yiddish translation of Psalms 2 made by Yehoyesh Shloyme (Yehoash Solomon) Blumgarten (1870-1927) published in Torah, Neviʼim, u-Khetuvim vol. 2 (New York: Yehoʼash Farlag Gezelshaft, 1941). The complete transcription of Torah, Neviʼim, u-Khetuvim by the Yehoyesh Project in copy/pasteable and searchable plaintext may be found here. . . .