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Sometimes the best we can do in attributing a historical work is to indicate the period and place it was written, the first prayer book it may have been printed in, or the archival collection in which the manuscript was found. We invite the public to help to attribute all works to their original composers. If you know something not mentioned in the commentary offered, please leave a comment or contact us.

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Rosh Ḥodesh Adar (אַדָר) Alef & Bet | Addenda | Additional Fast Days | Additional Morning Prayers | Additional Preparatory Prayers | After the Aliyot | Minḥah | Aleinu | During the Aliyot | Weekday Amidah | Aqédat Yitsḥaq | 🌐 Armistice Day (November 11th) | Art & Craft | Arvit l'Shabbat | Asarah b'Tevet Readings | 🇦🇹 Austria | Rosh Ḥodesh Av (אָב) | Morning Baqashot | Barekh | Barkhu | Barukh shèAmar | Barukh Hashem l’Olam | Bedtime Shema | Before the Aliyot | Berakhot she'Asani | Berakhot sheNitani | Birkat Ahavah | Birkat Ahavah for Ma'ariv/Arvit | Birkat Ga'al Yisrael for Shaḥarit | Blessings After Eating | Birkhot haTorah | Birkonim (בענטשערס Bentshers) | Bnei (Bar/Bat) Mitsvah & Other Birthday Prayers | Tehilim Book 5 (Psalms 107–150) | Tehilim Book 4 (Psalms 90–106) | Tehilim Book 1 (Psalms 1–41) | Tehilim Book 2 (Psalms 42–72) | Brit Milah & Simḥat Bat | 🇺🇸 National Brotherhood Week | Slavery & Captivity | Child care | Conflicts over Sovereignty and Dispossession | Congregation & Community | Contemplation | Conversion | Counting Days | Davvening | Divrei Hayamim (Chronicles 1 & 2) | Dreaming | Drought & Wildfire | the Dry Season (Spring & Summer) | Dying | Earth, our Collective Home & Life-Support System | 🌐 Earth Day (22 April) | 🇺🇸 Education and Sharing Day | Elohai Neshamah | Rosh Ḥodesh Elul (אֶלוּל) | Epidemics & Pandemics | Erev Pesaḥ | Erev Shabbat | Esther | Maariv Aravim | Exegetical Rules | Extracanonical Megillot | Preparing one's face | 🇫🇷 France | Friday | Birkat Ga'al Yisrael for Ma'ariv/Arvit | Pogroms & Genocide | 🇩🇪 Germany | Government & Country | Pesaḥ Yamei Ḥag | Pesaḥ Readings | Ḥag haBanot (Eid el Benat) Readings | Hallel for Festivals & Rosh Ḥodesh | Hallel | Preparing one's hands | Ḥanukkah | Ḥanukkah Readings | Hashkivenu | Hekhalot Writings | 🌐 Holocaust Remembrance Day (January 27th) | 🌐 Holocaust Survivor Day (4 June) | Homes & Community Centers | Hoshana Rabba | 🇭🇺 Hungary | Immersion (Purification) | Imminent Communal Danger & Distress | Incantations, Adjurations, & Amulets | Incense and other Offerings | 🌐 International Women's Day (March 8th) | 🌐 International Workers' Day (May 1st) | 🇮🇪 Ireland | 🇮🇹 Italy | Rosh Ḥodesh Iyyar (אִיָּר) | 🇺🇸 Juneteenth | Ḳaddish | Kaparōt | Ḳiddush Levanah | Rosh Ḥodesh Kislev (כִּסְלֵו) | Kristallnacht (9-10 November, 16 Marḥeshvan) | 🇺🇸 Labor Day (1st Monday of September) | Lag ba-Omer (18 Iyyar) Readings | Learning, Study, and School | Magid | Mah anu | Man-made Disasters | Rosh Ḥodesh Marḥeshvan (מַרְחֶשְׁוָן) | Marriage | 🇮🇱 Medinat Yisra'el (the State of Israel) | Meteorological and Astronomical Observations | Midrash Aggadah | Midrash Halakhah | Military Personnel & Veterans | Mishlei (Proverbs) | Monday | Morning Seliḥot | 🇺🇸 Mother's Day (2nd Sunday of May) | Motsaei Shabbat | Mourning | Mussar (Ethical Teachings) | 🇳🇱 the Netherlands | Nirtsah | Rosh Ḥodesh Nisan (נִיסָן) | Nittel Nacht Readings | Parashat b'Shalaḥ | Parashat Ḥuqat | Parashat Yitro | Haggadot for the Seder Leil Pesaḥ | Personal & Paraliturgical collections of prayers | Pesaḥ | 7th Day of Pesaḥ | Phonaesthetics | 🇵🇹 Portugal | Conception, Pregnancy, and Childbirth | Psalm of the Day | Psalms 146 | Psalms 147 | Psalms 148 | Psalms 149 | Psalms 150 | Psuqei d'Zimrah/Zemirot l'Shabbat ul'Yom Tov | Purim | Purim Qatan | Purim Readings | Purim Sheni | Purim Sheni Readings | Ḳabbalat Shabbat | Ḳadesh | Qedushah | Qorbanot | Reading Schedules | Self-Reflection | 🇺🇸 Days of Remembrance of the Victims of the Holocaust (28-29 April) | Repenting, Resetting, and Reconciliation | Rosh haShanah (l’Maaseh Bereshit) | Rosh haShanah la-Behemah | Rosh haShanah la-Behemah Readings | Tu biShvat Readings | Rosh haShanah la-Melakhim | Rosh haShanah la-Melakhim Readings | Rosh haShanah Readings | Rosh Ḥodesh | Rosh Ḥodesh Readings | 🇷🇺 Russia | Saturday | Second Temple Period | Seder intro | Sefer Yetsirah | Sefirat ha-Omer | Sefirat ha-Omer Readings | Attaining consciousness | Se'udah haShlishit | Seudat Leil Shabbat | Se'udat Yom Shabbat | Shabbat | Shabbat haGadol | Shabbat Məvorkhim | Minḥah l'Shabbat | Musaf l'Shabbat | Shabbat Readings | Shaḥarit l'Shabbat ul'Yom Tov | Shabbat Siddurim | Social Justice, Peace, and Liberty | Shavuot | Shavuot Readings | Shemini Atseret | Rosh Ḥodesh Shəvat (שְׁבָט) | Shir haShirim (the Song of Songs, Canticles) | Shirat ha-Yam | Shiv'ah Asar b'Tamuz | Shiv'ah b'Adar | Shiv'ah b'Adar Readings | Sigd Festival | Simḥat Torah | Rosh Ḥodesh Sivan (סִיוָן) | Khaf Sivan | Dangerous Storms & Floods | Torah Study | Sukkot | Sunday | Taanit Esther | 🤦︎ Taḥanun (Nefilat Apayim) | Taking a life | Rosh Ḥodesh Tammuz (תַּמּוּז) | Tehilim (Psalms) | Terror | Rosh Ḥodesh Tevet (טֵבֵת) | 🇺🇸 Thanksgiving Day (4th Thursday of November) | Theurgy | Thursday | Tiqqunei Zohar | Tishah b'Av | Rosh Ḥodesh Tishrei (תִּשְׁרֵי) | Travel | Tuesday | 🇬🇧 United Kingdom | 🇺🇸 United States of America | War | Engagements & Weddings | Wednesday | Well-being, health, and caregiving | the Wet Season (Fall & Winter) | Labor, Fulfillment, and Parnasah | Yaḥats | Yehi Kh’vod | Yishtabaḥ Shimkha | 🇮🇱 Yom ha-Ém (30 Shəvat) | Yom haḲeshet (Day of the Rainbow, 27 Iyyar) | 🇮🇱 Yom haShoah (27 Nisan) | 🇮🇱 Yom haZikaron (4 Iyyar) | Yom Kippur | Yom Kippur Qatan | Yom Kippur Readings | Yom Meturgeman | Yom Niqanor Readings | Yotser Or

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100 blessings a day | 1629–1631 Italian plague | 17 Shəvat | 1st century CE | 2023-2025 Israel–Hamas war | 28 Adar | 39th century AM | 42 letter divine name | a red ribbon | ABAB rhyming scheme | Abayudaya Jews | abbreviated alternative formulas | ABCB rhyming scheme | abduction | אברא כדברא abra k'davra | acrostic | Acrostic signature | phonetic alphabetic acrostic translation | addenda | אדיר במלוכה Adir Bimlukhah | אדיר הוא Adir Hu | אדון הסליחות Adon haSeliḥot | אדון עולם Adon Olam | אהבה רבה ahavah rabbah | Ahavat Hashem | אהבת עולם ahavat olam | air | air travel | Akkadian | על הנסים al hanissim | על הראשונים al harishonim | על כן נקוה al ken n'qaveh | על נהרות בבל Al naharot Bavel | אל תירא al tira | Alef b'Elul | עלינו Aleinu | Aleph-Bet | Algiers | alienation | Alphabetic Acrostic | alphabetic acrostic translation | alphabetic mesostic | alternate timeline | American Jewry of the United States | עמידה amidah | Amoraic prayers | amulet bowls | קמעות qame'ot (amulets) | אנא בכח Ana b'Khoaḥ | אנה אמצאך ana emtsaeka | political and religious anarchism | anatomical | and caregiving | עננו anenu | Angelic Nature | Angelic Protection | Angelification | angelology | Angels | Angels as advocates | Angels of Healing | animal protection | animal welfare | animals | anti-authoritarian | anti-feminist | anti-karaite | anti-predatory | anti-soporific | Antiquity | anxiety | apocryphal psalms | apotropaic prayers of protection | apotropaic rituals of protection | apprehension | אקדמות Aqdamut | Aqédat Yitsḥaq | Aquarius | Arabic translation | Aramaic | Aramaic translation | Arba Kehillot | Areinfirenish | Aries | ארכין Arkin | ascent | ascetic practice | Aseret Yemei Tshuvah | אשמנו Ashamnu | Asher | Ashkenaz | Ashmodai | אשרי Ashrei | Asiatic Cholera | Asiyah | Assyrian Neo-Aramaic (Suret) | Astrological | Atah Hu | atonement | authority vs. integrity | Avignon | עבודה זרה avodah zarah | Avot and Imahot | Avraham Avinu | אין אדיר Ayn Adir | אז ישיר Az Yashir | ba'alei ḥayyim | Babylonian | Baghdad | balance | במה מדליקין bameh madliqin | במדבר Bamidbar | בקשות Baqashot | Bar Kochba Rebellion | Baraqon | Barkhi Nafshi | barley | ברוך שאמר barukh she'amar | בדיקת חמץ bediḳat ḥamets | Before Sleep | בהמות behemot | Bendigamos | Bene Israel | בענטשן bentshn | ברכה אחת מעין שבע berakhah aḥat me'ayin sheva' | Beta Esrael | Biblical Women | bigotry | bikkurim | Bilhah | Binginot | Binyamin | birds | ברכת גאל ישראל birkat ga'al yisrael | ברכת הבית birkat habayit | ברכת הגומל birkat hagomel | ברכת המפיל birkat hamapil | ברכת המזון birkat hamazon | ברכות השחר birkhot hashaḥar | birthday prayers | ביתחון bitaḥon | bitul neshama | blessings | blessings following the shema | blessings prior to the shema | bloodshed | Body as Cosmos | ברכות brakhot | Bratislava | Break Fasts | breastfeeding | Breath | breathing | ברית brit | brit milah | British Commonwealth | British Empire | British Jewry | British Monarchy | בצלם אלהים btselem Elohim | Bukharan Jewry | Bukhori | burial service | Byzantine | Byzantine Empire | Byzantium | Cairo Geniza | calendar announcements | call to prayer | candle lighting | cantillated liturgy | capitalism | Capricorn | captive animals | captives | Carpentras | Cavallion | cemetery prayers | centos | challenge | Charles Louis Napoléon Bonaparte | child mortality | childbirth | childhood illness | childlessness | children | Children of Avraham | children's education | Chinese translation | Chmielnicki massacres of 1648–1649 | Christian Hebraism | Chronicles | circle drawing | circumcision | Classical Antiquity | Classical Reform | Closing Prayers | cold iron | Colonialism | colonization | combating anti-Jewish oppression | commencement | communal confession | Compassion | conception | confession | confirmation | Constitutional Monarchy | constructed languages | Coronation | cosmogony | cosmological | cosmology | counting | counting songs | creation | creativity | creeping creatures | Cretan Jewry | Crimean Tatar | Crown | Crowning | Curaçao | cyclical | Daily Hallel | dairy foods | דיינו Daiyenu | dancing | danger | Daniel | Darija | Dawn | Dead Sea Scrolls | Decalogue | dedications and consecrations | depression | derivative work | determinism | deuterocanonical works | Devorah | devotional interpretation | diaspora | diplomacy | Distress | divine abundance | Divine Feminine | divine light | divine mercy | Divine name acrostic | Divine Names | Divine Presence | Divrei Hayamim | Djerba | domesticated animals | dominion | dragons | dreams | Droit du seigneur | drought conditions | Dutch Jewry | dveykut | Early Ammoraic | early first-millennium CE | early Judaism | Early Medieval | Early Middle Ages | Early Religious Zionism | earth pledges | Eastern Sefaradim | eating animals | eco-conscious | eco-feminism | ecoḥasid | economic distress | ecumenical prayers | education | egalitarian | Egyptian | Egyptian Jewry | אחד מי יודע eḥad mi Yodéaʼ | אין כאלהינו Ein kEloheinu | אל אדון el adon | אל מלא רחמים El Malé Raḥamim | אל שמר El Shemor | אלי ציון Eli Tsiyon | אליהו הנביא Eliyahu haNavi | אלהי נשמה Elohai neshamah | אלהינו שבשמים Elohenu Shebashamayim | Emancipation | אמת ויציב emet v'yatsiv | אמונה emunah | England | English piyyutim | English poetry | English Romanticism | English Translation | English vernacular prayer | entering | entering magical territory | entification | epical narrative as ward | Epidemic | epithalamion | epizootic contagion | ארץ ישראל Erets Yisrael | eros | eschaton | אשת חיל eshet ḥayil | esoteric Judaism | Esperanto translation | Ethiopian Jewry | Ethiopic translation | euphoria | evening | exhortation | expiation | עזרת אבותנו ezrat avotenu | fasting | fertility | fire | First Crusade | first experiences | First French Empire | first fruits | first person | First Temple Period | Five Megillot | flash floods | Floods | flying | food | footsteps of Moshiaḥ | Forgiveness | Four Questions | four worlds | הקפה ד׳ fourth haḳafah | Frankfurt am Main | Franklin Delano Roosevelt | free translation | French Empire | French Jewry | Friday | Full Hallel | fundamental principles of rabbinic judaism | Fürth | Fustat | Game of Thrones | Gemini | gender | gender expression | gender roles | geonic period | Geonic prayers | German Empire | German Jewry | German Reform Movement | German translation | German vernacular prayer | גשם geshem | גלגול נפשות gilgul nefashot | Global War on Terrorism (GWOT) | Gothic translation | graduation | Grand Sanhedrin | Gratitude | Great Britain | Grief | growing | growth | Guaraní translation | gut vokh | חבּ״ד ḤaBaD Lubavitch | חבקוק Ḥabaquq | חד גדיא Ḥad Gadya | האל בתעצימות ha-El b'taatsumōt | הפטרות haftarot | חג הבנות Ḥag HaBanot | haggadah supplements | ההיכלות ויורדי המרכבה haHeikhalot v'Yordei haMerkavah | hair | hair-cutting | Haketía | הכל יודוך hakol yodukha | Hallelu | הללו־יה hallelu-yah | Haman | Hannah | הנותן תשועה haNotén Teshuah | harvest loss | השכיבנו hashkivenu | חסידי אשכנז Ḥasidei Ashkenaz | Ḥasidic | חסידים ḥassidim | חתימות ḥatimot (concluding prayers) | חצי קדיש ḥatsi ḳaddish | הבדלות havdalot | היום תאמצנו Hayom T'amtsenu | ḥayot | חזק חזק ונתחזק ḥazaq ḥazaq venitḥazeq | hazon et hakol | חזנות ḥazzanut | Healing | health | Hebrew translation | heikhalot literature | Hermes Trismegistus | heroic women | חסד Ḥesed | High-Elven | High Middle Ages | Himyar | הנני hineni | historiola | התבודדות hitbodedut | חיזוק ḥizuq | Holy Roman Empire | Homo Signorum | הושענות hoshanot | hospitality | human stampedes and crowd crushes | humility | humor | hymns | hymns of creation | iconoclastic | צה״ל IDF | illuminatus | immersion | in the merit of martyrs | in the merit of Matatiyah | In the merit of Miriam | In the merit of Moshe Rabbeinu | in the merit of our ancestors | in the merit of Raḥel | in the merit of Yitsḥaq | in the merit of Yosef | incantation | Indigenous Peoples | infants | Inner light | עינוי Innui (self-affliction) | integrity | interconnectedness | interdenominational cooperation | interfaith prayer | interpretive translation | invisible sun | Irish vernacular | Irish War of Independence | iron in folklore | Israel | Israel Movement for Reform and Progressive Judaism | Italian Jewry | Italian translation | Italian vernacular prayer | Italian War of Independence | Izmir | ירושלם Jerusalem | Jewish Antiquities | Jewish burial | Jewish-Christian relations | Jewish identity | Jewish pacifism | Jewish particularism | Jewish Renewal | Jewish women | Jewish Women's Prayers | Jews of India | joy | Judaean Desert Scrolls | Judeo-Arabic | Judeo-Berber | Judeo-Georgian | Judeo-Greek | Judeo-Provençal | Judeo-Spanish | Judeo-Tajik | Judeo-Tamaziɣt | Judeo-Tunisian | Judezmo | judgement | Judith | Justice | Ḳ.Ḳ. Shearith Israel | קבלת שבת kabbalat shabbat | קדיש ḳaddish | קדיש דרבנן Ḳaddish D'Rabanan | קדיש שלם Ḳaddish shalem | קדיש יתום Mourner's Ḳaddish | Kaifeng | קלנדס Ḳalends | קמעות ḳame'ot | כפרות kaparot | Nusaḥ haKaraim | Kavkazi Jewry | כבוד kavod | כוונות kavvanot | קרובות ḳerovot | Keter | kheyder | כי הנה כחמר ki hineh kahomer | קידוש ḳiddush | kindling | King Charles Ⅲ | King George Ⅱ | King William Ⅳ | דע לפני מי אתה עומד Know Before Whom You Stand | Kohelet | kol nidrei | Krymchak | Kurdish Jewry | Kurdistan | L.L. Zamenhoff | labor | labor exploitation | labyrinth | Ladino Translation | Ladino vernacular prayer | למנציח Lamnatse'aḥ | lamp lighting | Late Antiquity | Late Bronze Age | Late Tannaitic | Latin translation | Latin vernacular | leadership | Léah | leket psukim | Leopold I | liberation | Life of David HaMelekh | lip service | Liturgical customs of Kabbalists | Livorno | למענך l'maankha | local communal deliverance commemorations | logos | L'Olam Yehei Adam | lonely man of faith | love | love your fellow as yourself | אהבת ישראל loving Yisrael | לוח lu'aḥ | Luganda translation | Lurianic Kabbalah | מערבות maaravot | מעריב ערבים ma'ariv aravim | Maccabean Revolt | המקבים Maccabees | macranthropy | Mafteah Shlomo | מגן אבות magen avot | Maghrebi Jewry | Magic | magical recipes | מה נאכל בסעודה הזו mah nokhal baseudah hazo | מהרו כל שרים Maharu Kol Sharim | Maḥzor Aram Tsoba | Man of Signs | Manna | מעוז צור Maoz Tsur | Marathi vernacular prayer | marching songs | marriage | martyrdom | Masekhet Soferim | Mäṣḥäf Ḳədus | Mazal Aqrav | Mazal Dagim | Mazal D'li | Mazal G'di | MAZAL QESHET | Mazal Shor | Mazal Taleh | Mazal Teomim | medieval megillot | מדינת ישראל Medinat Yisrael | Megillat Antiokhus | מגילת אסתר Megillat Esther | Megillat Yehudit | Memorial prayers | men | mesostic | Messianic Age | Metz | מי שענה Mi She’anah | מי שברך mi sheberakh | microcosm | microcosmism | mid-first millennium CE | Middle-Earth | Middle Egyptian | Midrash HaGadol | military | Minhag Aleppo Musta'arabi | Minhag Kaffa | Minhag Kehilat Kol Hanshema | Minhag Roma | מנחה Minḥah | Miriam | Miriam's well | מזמור Mizmor | Monday | Mordekhai | Morocco | Mosheh Rabbenu | משיח Moshiaḥ | mourning | Mourning this Broken World | murder | Musaf Rosh Hashanah | Musaf Yom Kippur | music making | mysterious fish | mythical feasts | mytho-historical chronicles | naḥshon ben aminadav | Naphtali | Napoleon Bonaparte | national anthems | Na'vi translation | Needing Translation (into Arabic) | Needing Attribution | Needing citation references | Needing Translation (into English) | Needing Source Images | Needing Proofreading | Needing Transcription | Needing Vocalization | Neḥemyah | ne'ila | נעילה‎ neilah | Neo-Aramaic | neo-Aristotelian Judaism | neo-lurianic | נר תמיד ner tamid | neshamah | Netherlandish Jewry | Netherlands | new moon | New York | night | נרצה Nirtsah | נשמת כל חי Nishmat kol ḥai | nisuin | נח Noaḥ | Noaḥide covenant | non-dual theology | non-violence | North America | North American Conference on Ethiopian Jewry | North American Jewry | Nusaḥ Anglia | Nusaḥ Ashkenaz | nusaḥ baladi | Nusaḥ Candia | Nusaḥ Cochin | Nusaḥ Comtat Venaissin | Nusaḥ Erets Yisrael | Nusaḥ Farsi | Nusaḥ Ha-Ari z"l | Nusaḥ Italḳi | Nusaḥ Roma | Nusaḥ Romaniote | Nusaḥ Sefaradi | Nusaḥ Šingli | Nusaḥ TsaHaL | ocean | ofanim | ohev amo | Oḥilah la'El | Old English translation | Old Norse translation | Oliver Cromwell | Opening Prayers | oral torah | origin stories | otiyot | Ottoman Egypt | Ottoman Empire | פחד paḥad (dread) | Pandemic | Papiamentu translation | parabiblical aggadah | Paraguay | paraliturgical | paraliturgical berakhah aḥat me'ayin sheva' | paraliturgical birkat haḥodesh | paraliturgical birkat hamapil | paraliturgical birkat hamazon | paraliturgical elohai neshamah | paraliturgical elohai netsor | paraliturgical hanoten teshuah | paraliturgical hashkivenu | paraliturgical havdalah | Paraliturgical Prayer for the New Month | paraliturgical psalms 100 | paraliturgical seliḥot | paraliturgical shalom aleikhem | paraliturgical teḥinot | paraliturgical yotser ohr | parenting | parody | Partial Hallel | particularism and universalism | פתח אליהו Pataḥ Eliyahu | Patriotic hymns | peace | Pedagogical songs | People's Crusade | performing mitsvot | פסוקי דזמרה pesuqei dezimrah | petiḥah | Openers | Philadelphia | phonetic acrostic translation | physical labor | פיקוח נפש piqoaḥ nefesh | Pisces | the pitom of the etrog | פיוטים piyyuṭim | פזמונים pizmonim | Pogroms in Ukraine 1918-1924 | polemic | Polish vernacular prayer | polyglot | Pope Benedict XIV | Portuguese Jewry | Portuguese translation | post-Holocaust liturgical adaptations | post-Temple animal slaughter | Post–World War II economic expansion | Poszony | Prague | שבח praise | Prayer by Proxy | Prayers after meals | תפילות קודם התפילה Prayers before Praying | Prayers before Torah Study | prayers concerning children | prayers following pogroms | Prayers on behalf of children | Prayers for leaders | prayers for mothers | prayers on behalf of parents | Prayers for Precipitation | prayers for pregnant women | prayers for the road | prayers for the way | Prayers in Film | Prayers in the Babylonian Talmud | Prayers of Freemasons | prayers of orphans | Prayers of Primary Caregivers | prayers of ḳabbalists | Prayers of redress | prayers of the shaliaḥ tsibbur | pre-Pesaḥ | pre-Purim | pre-rabbinic judaism | predation | עין הרע predatory gaze (ill will/evil eye) | pregnancy | preparation | Pressburg | Private Amidah | Private Prayer | Problematic prayers | progress | prophetic revelation | prophylactic | prostration | protection | Psalm of the Day | תהלים Psalms | Psalms 1 | Psalms 10 | Psalms 100 | Psalms 104 | Psalms 106 | Psalms 107 | Psalms 111 | Psalms 112 | Psalms 122 | Psalms 126 | Psalms 145 | Psalms 146 | Psalms 147 | Psalms 148 | Psalms 149 | Psalms 150 | Psalms 151 | Psalms 2 | Psalms 67 | Psalms 92 | Psalms 93 | Psalms 94 | Psalms 95 | Psalms 96 | Psalms 97 | Psalms 98 | Psalms 99 | Psalmsploitation | pseudepigrapha | Psukei Dezimra | Public Amidah | Purim | Purim parody | purimspiel | קבלה ḳabbalah | קדושה Qedushah | קפיצת הדרך ḳfitsat haderekh | קינות Ḳinōt | Queen Elizabeth Ⅱ | Queen Esther | Queen Victoria | Queens | Quenya translation | Raḥav | רחל Raḥel | Rain | Rainbow Day | rainfall | rebuke | reconstructed text | גאולה geūlah (redemption) | redemptive almsgiving | Nusḥaot l'Yahadut Reformit | Reform Jewry | reincarnation | religious school | Religious Zionism | remixed biblical verse | הוצאת ספר תורה Removal of the Torah from the Ark | Renewal | רשויות reshuyot | resistance | restorative justice | resurrection | REUVEN | Revolutions of 1917–1923 | Rhineland Massacres | rhymed prose | rhyming translation | רבון העולמים Ribon haOlamim | ritual power | ritual purity | role models | Roman minhag | romanticism | Rosh Ḥodesh Elul (אֶלוּל) | Russian Empire | Ruth | Sabaic translation | salvation | סנדלפון Sandalfon | Without a Minyan | סטרנורא Saturnalia | school | school of the ARI z"l | Scorpio | Seasonal Affective Disorder | Second Plague Pandemic | second Purims | Second Reich | Second Temple Period | ספר הפליאה Sefer haPeliah | ספר הקנה Sefer haQanah | ספר יצירה Sefer Yetsirah | ספירת העומר sefirat haomer | ספירות sefirot | סגולות segulot | Seleucid Greek Occupation | self | self-discipline | self-forgiveness | self-sacrifice | סליחות səliḥot | sexual attraction | sexual conduct | sexual predation | sexual violence | שבת 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🆕 📃 Rabbi Yosef vs. the Sorceror, a tale of a miraculous rescue on erev Yom Kippur retold by Rabbi Yehudah heḤasid in RSL Ms. Guenzburg 82 (ca. 12th c.)

Contributed by: Aharon N. Varady (transcription), Joseph Dan (translation), Yehudah ben Shmuel of Regensburg, Unknown

This is an early wizard battle tale found in RSL Ms. Guenzburg 82, fol. 78b-79a, first transcribed by Joseph Dan in his article סיפורים דימונולוגיים מכתבי יהודה החסיד (“Demonological stories from the writings of Yehudah he-Ḥasid”) and published in Tarbits (vol. 30, 1961), as story #29 on pp. 288-289. The English translation by Dan, was re-printed in chapter 15 of Jewish Mysticism vol. 2: The Middle Ages, pp. 359-360, and first published in “An Early Source of the Yiddish Akdamot Story,” in Hebrew University Studies in Literature, vol. 1 (1993), pp. 39-46.


מָגֵן אָבוֹת וּמִשְׂגָּב אִמָּהוֹת | Magen Avot u-Misgav Imahot, an alternate egalitarian ḥatimah for the opening blessing of the Amidah

Contributed by: Aharon N. Varady (translation), Jonathan Schachter, Unknown

An egalitarian liturgical innovation for the ḥatimah of the first blessing of the Amidah, magen avot in which the divine is described as the fortress of Sarah.


קדיש | Qaddish adaptation in Aramaic using feminine language — by Isaac Gantwerk Mayer

Contributed by: Isaac Gantwerk Mayer, Unknown

A text of the Qaddish using feminine language for God and for the rabbis and their students. Inspired by Rabbi Debi Shoua Haim of the Reform congregation Kol HaNeshama in Jerusalem, who, in a conversation about feminine-language versions of liturgical texts, challenged me to write a feminine Qaddish variant.


שבע ברכות | Sheva Brakhot, with a Yiddish translation

Contributed by: Anonymous (translation), Unknown

The seder sheva brakhot for a rabbinic Jewish wedding together with a Yiddish translation.


כַּפָּרוֹת | Kaparōt (using money dedicated for charity), the ritual for the expiation of offenses before Yom Kippur

Contributed by: Unknown, Aharon N. Varady (transcription)

The ritual of kaparot using a bundle of money dedicated for tsedaqah.


קדיש דרבנן | Ḳaddish d’Rabanan (of Our Teachers), a translation by Everett Fox after Franz Rosenzweig

Contributed by: Everett Fox, Unknown

The Ḳaddish d’Rabanan, in Hebrew with English translation by Everett Fox after Franz Rosenzweig.


תפלה לשליח ציבור | Hineni: The Prayer of the Shaliaḥ Tsibur, interpretive translation by Rabbi Oren Steinitz

Contributed by: Oren Steinitz (translation), Unknown

Hineni – the leader’s prayer that opens the High Holy Days Mussaf has always been a challenge for me. While a dramatic moment in the service, it always seemed a little *too* grand to represent a prayer of humility. This is a version of it I wrote in an attempt to make myself more comfortable at that moment. –Rabbi Oren Steinitz


אַדִּיר הוּא | Awesome One: an alphabetical English interpretation of the piyyuṭ Adir Hu, by Isaac Gantwerk Mayer

Contributed by: Unknown, Isaac Gantwerk Mayer (translation)

Adir Hu, a classic Pesaḥ song if ever there was one, is a part of Seder tables all over the planet. Its alphabetical list of God’s attributes, combined with its repeated pleas for a return to Jerusalem, make it a classic, to the point where the traditional German farewell greeting for Passover was not “chag sameach” or “gut yontef” but “bau gut” – build well. This interpretation, while not a direct translation by any means, has the same rhythmic pattern and alphabetical structure, giving a sense of the greatness of God.


אוֹחִילָה לָאֵל | Oḥilah la’El, a reshut and a personal prayer offered by the shaliaḥ tsibbur, Yosef Goldman

Contributed by: Yosef Goldman, Unknown

“The personal prayer of this shaliaḥ tsibbur” with a translation of the piyyut “Oḥilah la’El” was first published on Facebook by Yosef Goldman and shared through the Open Siddur Project via its Facebook discussion group.


Kavvanah before eating or drinking on Yom Kippur for military personnel on active service (IDF 2017)

Contributed by: Unknown, Tsva ha-Haganah l'Yisrael, Aharon N. Varady (transcription)

This is a kavvanah (intention) distributed beginning in 2017 for Jewish soldiers on active service during Yom Kippur to use before eating or drinking a limited amount of nourishment in order to sustain their attention and readiness. The text of the prayer here is that which was distributed by Rabbi Captain Udi Schwartz, head of the chief rabbi for Tsahal (IDF), and published by Arutz 7. The kavvanah is derived from one published in 1983 by Rav Yitschok Zilberstein for those who, due to their state of health, must eat or drink in order to live (find Toras haYoledes (1983), chapter 52, section 10, p. 357; pp. 331-332 in the bilingual edition 1989). That kavvanah, according to Rabbi Zilberstein was, “הועתק ממחזור עתיק” (“copied from an old maḥzor”).


🗍 הגדה לסדר פסח | Haggadah of the Inner Seder, by Rabbi David Seidenberg (neohasid·org)

Contributed by: David Seidenberg (translation), Neohasid·org, Unknown

The Haggadah of the Inner Seder focuses on revealing the inner structure of the seder. This haggadah gives signposts and cues as to where the important shifts in meaning are happening. It also makes clear the seder’s structure and adds in some commentaries that will make sense of not just what things mean but how they work. It also includes some of the customs I am fond of. It does not include a lot of material meant to update the seder or to bring in contemporary issues (though it does have a few commentaries related to peace between Israelis and Palestinians). The Haggadah is 18 pages long.


תְּפִלָּה לְחֵיְילוֹת אַרְצוֹת הַבְּרִית | Prayer for the Safety of the United States Armed Forces (2014)

Contributed by: Unknown, Aharon N. Varady (transcription)

This “Prayer for the Safety of the American Military Forces” by an unknown author was first shared on the website of the Orthodox Union on 5 February 2014 with the note, “The RCA and the OU have circulated a special prayer to be said in synagogues during Shabbat services in support of our armed services courageously waging the battle against the scourge of global terrorism.”


מִי שֶׁבֵּרַךְ לְפִדְיוֹן שְׁבוּיִם | Mi sheBerakh for the redemption of those in captivity (or whose whereabouts are unknown)

Contributed by: Ephraim Mirvis, Office of the Chief Rabbi of the United Hebrew Congregations, Unknown

This mi sheberakh was published by the Office of the Chief Rabbi of the United Hebrew Congregations of Great Britain and the Commonwealth in June 2014, as “Prayer Issued for Missing Israeli Teenagers,” writing: “The prayer…currently being recited across Israel for missing teenagers Naftali Frenkel, Gilad Shaar and Eyal Yifrach, was issued today to Rabbanim of the United Hebrew Congregations by Chief Rabbi Mirvis.” Recitation of this psalm and mi sheberakh seem appropriate to me in the case of unconscionable, immoral, and unjust state policies that separate children from their caregivers. To help fulfill the mitsvah of ransoming captives, please contribute to funds paying out bail bonds and demonstrate your opposition to these policies.


סֵדֶר סְפִירַת הָעֹמֶר | Seder Sefirat ha-Omer :: the Order of Counting the Omer between Pesaḥ and Shavuot

Contributed by: Lieba B. Ruth, Unknown, Aharon N. Varady

Each day between the beginning of Passover and Shavuot gets counted, 49 days in all, 7 weeks of seven days. That makes the omer period a miniature version of the Shmitah and Yovel (Jubilee) cycle of 7 cycles of seven years. Just as that cycle is one of resetting society’s clock to align ourselves with freedom and with the needs of the land, this cycle too is a chance to align ourselves with the rhythms of spring and the spiritual freedom represented by the Torah.


מַעֲרִיב עֲרָבִים | Who Brings the Evenings, translated by Shim’on Menachem

Contributed by: Shim'on Menachem, Unknown

Forgiveness is woven into the pattern of existence. God of second chances, pathways of atonement. Help us awaken to Your listening presence, your understanding. Fill our hearts with Divine compassion!


שבע ברכות | The Seven Blessings over a Wedding (interpretive translation by Aharon Varady)

Contributed by: Unknown, Aharon N. Varady (translation)

A translation of the Seven Blessings shared just in time for Shavuot, and in honor of several of my friend’s weddings.


בִּרְכַּת הָאִילָנוֹת | The Blessing of Flowering Fruit Trees in the Spring Season in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres

Contributed by: Jacob Chatinover (translation), David Seidenberg, Unknown, Aharon N. Varady (translation), Isaac Gantwerk Mayer (translation)

When the spring (Aviv) season arrives, a blessing is traditionally said when one is in view of at least two flowering fruit trees. In the northern hemisphere, it can be said anytime through the end of the month of Nissan (though it can still be said in Iyar). For those who live in the southern hemisphere, the blessing can be said during the month of Tishrei.


מִי שֶׁעָנָה…הוּא יַעֲנֵֽנוּ | Mi She’anah… Hu Ya’anenu — A Seliḥah for Yom Kippur (egal adaptation by Lisa Exler and Rabbi Julia Andelman, 2004)

Contributed by: Rabbi Julia Andelman, Lisa Exler, Unknown

This egalitarian adaptation of the Me she’Ana seliḥah for the season of Teshuvah was made by Julia Andelman and Lisa Exler in September 2004.


תְּפִלָה לְאִשָׁה לְאָמְרָהּ לִפְנֵי שֶׁמְגַלַּחַת אֶת שַׁעֲרוֹת רֹאשָׁהּ | Prayer for a woman to say before her hair is shorn

Contributed by: Aharon N. Varady (transcription), Yahnatan Lasko (translation), Unknown

A supplication of a woman cutting her hair as an act of tsanua, per a contemporary custom in many Ḥaredi communities.


The path of the righteous man (הַדֶרֶךְ שֶׁל הַצָדִיק Ha-derekh shel ha-tsadiq) — from the film The Bodyguard (1976), adapted by Jules Winnfield in the film Pulp Fiction (1994)

Contributed by: Shmueli Gonzales (transcription), Aharon N. Varady (translation), Unknown

Tired of people who can’t tell their ḳiddish (blessings for the Sabbath) from their ḳaddish (prayer for the dead)? Well, it sets Samuel L. Jackson off too! But he found a way of making a bracha (blessing) and mourning the dead at the same time. Now I can’t vouch for the origins of his nusaḥ (custom) but it sounds very effective! Most people haven’t noticed, the only real part from the Bible is that last section, the first part is actually his own spiel:



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